首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Climate Change May Make Insect-Borne Diseases Harder to Control Climate change can influence how infectious diseases affect
Climate Change May Make Insect-Borne Diseases Harder to Control Climate change can influence how infectious diseases affect
admin
2013-06-17
55
问题
Climate Change May Make Insect-Borne Diseases Harder to Control
Climate change can influence how infectious diseases affect the world, particularly illnesses spread by vector (传染媒介) like mosquitoes. Now scientists have developed some understanding about how rainfall and temperature can influence malaria, dengue (登革热) and West Nile virus infections as well as ways to combat them.
Vector-borne diseases are among the most complex and annoying illnesses to manage, since so many elements are at play, like host resistance, the environment, urbanization and the pathogens (病原体) themselves. As a result, it’s difficult to tease out any one factor to measure, and with the added effects of warming weather and shifting precipitation (降水), ongoing disease-management efforts are becoming more complicated.
"Climate change is not going to invent any new diseases; it’s going to make controlling existing diseases harder." said Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, head of the climate change team at the World Health Organization’s headquarters. "We’ve been describing the links between climate change and health for quite a long time."
Diseases spread by mosquitoes are particularly affected by climate change, since the insects lay their eggs in standing water, be it in puddles, ponds, lakes or tide pools. Standing water varies with rainfall, humidity and temperature, with wetter weather typically showing a greater number of mosquitoes. When a female mosquito matures, she can spread infections by drawing blood from an infected host and transmitting the illness to a different host with another bite.
Heat can also influence how a pathogen is spread. In the case of West Nile virus, rising temperatures work both in favor of and against the spread of the disease. "The pathogen—the warmer the temperature, the faster it moves from the blood to being transmitted. It usually takes a while for the virus to get into the mosquito’s salivary glands," said Marm Kilpatrick, an assistant professor in ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. "The biting rate also gets faster. So those things are all going to give you more transmission."
On the other hand, hotter weather shortens the mosquito’s life span. "What you basically have going on is three factors going in one direction and one factor in the other direction," said Kilpatrick, who published a paper on West Nile virus last month in the journal Science. "It’s a little bit tricky to make a solid prediction."
West Nile virus is an interesting case study because the disease originated in Africa and emerged in North America in 1999, relatively recently as far as diseases go. Because of this, researchers have tracked where the disease has spread over time. Kilpatrick found that the virus is most abundant in human-developed areas like cities and farms. He also found that the virus quickly adapted to use local mosquitoes in the United States, and hosts like robins played an important role in spreading the virus over long distances.
However, Kilpatrick hesitates to link climate change directly to yearly changes in West Nile infection rates, since land use changes and infected hosts move around. Nonetheless, lessons from climate change and West Nile can be applied to more prevalent diseases. "The same questions we’re wondering about West Nile apply to malaria and dengue," said Kilpatrick. A killer with no cure spreads
Dengue fever is one of the world’s most common diseases, with one-third of the world living in endemic areas (病区), according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It afflicts 900 million people worldwide, and the number is growing, according to Khoa T. D. Thai, a researcher at the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam and at the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam.
Thai, who co-authored a paper on dengue this past summer in Experimental Biology and Medicine, said that the number of people afflicted by the disease is increasing, but part of the rise comes from more awareness and better diagnostics (诊断法) as health care reaches impoverished and rural areas.
The distribution of the disease is also growing, some of which Thai attributes to climate change as regions with tropical climates expand. Since dengue has no cure or vaccine, fighting the disease must focus mainly on prevention, whether it’s draining water to prevent mosquitoes from breeding or wearing long sleeves and using mosquito repellents.
Anticipating climate trends is also important in fighting mosquito-borne diseases, particularly with malaria. "The key step to all of this is to understand what happens with climate variability," said Andy Dobson, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at Princeton University. "Although we’ve got some fantastic weather data, it’s always being cleaned up. In general we need much better models for how climate variability affects malaria."
Getting ahead of malaria shifts from climate change is important because people who have been exposed to the parasite (寄生物) the most have the strongest resistance to it, said Dobson, who wrote about this topic in Trends in Ecology and Evolution in June. As the disease moves to new areas, previously unexposed populations may experience an epidemic.
"Malaria will expand particularly in the mountain regions. We’ve seen increasingly strong evidence of that in the east African highlands," he said, noting how drought and rainfall have shifted and warming weather has made mountains more welcoming to mosquitoes.
"Malaria will always come from an interaction between temperature and rainfall," added Dobson. "The rainfall certainly determines the mosquito abundance, and temperature affects the parasites."
Dobson said it is more efficient to combat malaria by using mosquito nets and managing the environment rather than some of the more exotic proposed control measures like lasers to shoot mosquitoes. "Understanding the ecological dynamics of the disease will get you much more bang for your buck," he said. With better climate predictions and land management, Dobson said malaria and other vector-borne diseases can be reduced significantly.
As weather data is always cleaned up, it is necessary to have much better models for______.
选项
答案
how climate variability affects malaria
解析
同义转述题。题干是对定位句内容的概括,由定位句可知,尽管我们有一些非常好的天气资料,但是这些资料经常被清理。我们通常需要更好的模型来研究气候变化如何影响疟疾。题干中的necessary是对need的改写,所以只需将how climate variabilityaffects malaria填入空格即可。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/0kM7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
A、Sheisill.B、Sheistooold.C、Herhusbandwantsherto.D、Herhusbandisill.AWhywouldJoe’smothergiveupherjob?
A、Hisfather.B、Hismother.C、Hisbrother.D、Hissister.D
Jacques-IvesCousteaudiedinParison26June,1997attheageof87.Hisinfluenceisgreat.Scientistsrespectedhiscreative
【C1】______twoyearslivingtogether,ayoungcoupleexperiencedtheusualupsanddowns【C2】______theygrewtoknow,understan
【C1】______twoyearslivingtogether,ayoungcoupleexperiencedtheusualupsanddowns【C2】______theygrewtoknow,understan
RaisingWiseConsumersAlmostanyonewithaprofitmotiveismarketingtoinnocents.Helpyourkidsunderstandit’sOKnott
Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthier,h
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanannouncementtowelcomestudentstojointoaclub.Youshouldwriteatle
Signhasbecomeascientifichotbutton.Onlyinthepast20yearshavespecialistsinlanguagestudyrealizedthatsignedlangu
Overahundredyearsago,CharlesDickensshockedmanyofhisreaderswhenhedescribedtheconditionsunderwhichyoungchildre
随机试题
战术决策的特点是【】
下列卵巢肿瘤中,哪种肿瘤不产生性激素
一种植入式用来做松动牙固定的种植体,主要用于前牙或前磨牙由位于口内、悬在牙槽嵴上方的弓形支架与在前牙区和双侧升支处植入骨内段组成,主要用于下颌骨严重萎缩的病人
张某、方某共同出资,分别设立甲公司和丙公司。2013年3月1日,甲公司与乙公司签订了开发某房地产项目的《合作协议一》,约定如下:“甲公司将丙公司10%的股权转让给乙公司,乙公司在协议签订之日起三日内向甲公司支付首付款4000万元,尾款1000万元在次年3月
风险识别的特点包括( )。
区国税局决定对某化工企业编造虚假计税依据的行为给予50000元罚款的处罚。该企业认为罚款过重,向市国税局申请复议。市国税局经复议审理,决定将罚款变更为30000元。该企业对复议决定仍不服,遂向法院起诉市国税局。法院经审理认为,30000元的罚款处罚也过重。
根据行政许可法的规定,有关行政许可的设定机关对其设定的行政许可进行评价的判断中,正确的是()。
固定资产采用加速折旧法折旧,体现了()原则。
刘杰在服现役期间患病,医疗终结后被认定为因病致残,评定了残疾等级并享受抚恤。其依据是()。
即便是市场体制化比较健全的国家,也往往通过最低限价对小麦、玉米、大豆等主要农产品市场进行干预,其结果是:
最新回复
(
0
)