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  3. Adults typically need seven to nine hours of sleep each night to feel fully rested and function at their best. However, American

Adults typically need seven to nine hours of sleep each night to feel fully rested and function at their best. However, American

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问题     Adults typically need seven to nine hours of sleep each night to feel fully rested and function at their best. However, Americans are getting less sleep than they did in the past.【F1】A 2005 National Sleep Foundation poll found that Americans averaged 6.9 hours of sleep per night, which represents a drop of about two hours per night since the 19th century, one hour per night over the past 50 years, and about 15 to 25 minutes per night just since 2001.
    Unfortunately, we are not very good at perceiving the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania restricted volunteers to less than six hours in bed per night for two weeks. The volunteers perceived only a small increase in sleepiness and thought they were functioning relatively normally.【F2】However, formal testing showed that their cognitive abilities and reaction times progressively declined during the two weeks. By the end of the two-week test, they were as impaired as subjects who had been awake continuously for 48 hours.
    Moreover, cognitive and mood problems may not be the only consequences of too little sleep. Researchers at the University of Chicago have shown that too little sleep changes the body’s secretion of some hormones.【F3】The changes promote appetite, reduce the sensation of feeling full after a meal, and alter the body’s response to sugar intake—changes that can promote weight gain and increase the risk of developing diabetes.
    A recent review by a team from Harvard Medical School found that all of the large studies that followed people over time agreed that short sleep duration was associated with future weight gain.【F4】This connection was particularly strong in children; all 31 studies in children showed a strong association between short sleep duration and current and future obesity. For example, a study by Susan Redline and colleagues at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine showed an inverse correlation between sleep duration and obesity in high-school-age students.【F5】The shorter the sleep, the higher the likelihood of being overweight, with those getting six to seven hours of sleep more than two and a half times as likely to be overweight as those getting more than eight hours.
    We have many opportunities to avoid sleep—lights, electronic devices, and other entertainment offer round-the-clock temptations. But we must recognize the importance of sleep and make it a priority to get enough. It is a lot easier to prevent weight gain, diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease by getting enough sleep than it is to treat these problems once they develop.
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答案全国睡眠基金会在2005年的一次调查中发现，美国人的平均睡眠时间为每晚6．9个小时，与19世纪相比，每晚减少了约两个小时；与50年前相比，每晚减少了一个小时；甚至与2001年相比，也减少了约15至25分钟。
解析 本句属于复合句，包含一个由that引导的宾语从句。宾语从句中包含一个由which引导的定语从句，修饰6．9 hours，而这个定语从句中的宾语是a drop of，后面有三个并列结构：twohours，one hour和about 15 to 25 minutes。句中的a drop of…属于名词结构，翻译时要进行词性转换，因此译成：减少约两个小时；而英文也往往会把相同的词省略，在汉语中却必须体现出来，句子最后的one hour per night over the past 50 years，and about 15 to 25 minutes per night just since2001都省略了动词represents a drop of，因此在翻译时一定要补全。
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