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  3. In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 — 45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G t

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 — 45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G t

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问题     In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 — 45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)
    When Isaac Newton developed calculus and his theory of gravity, he reaped a reward far greater than stock options in a start-up or a big year-end bonus. He got credit for his work and recognition among his peers—and eventually the wider world. Since Newton, science has changed a great deal, but this basic fact has not. Credit for work done is still the currency of science.
    How should credit for scientific work be assigned? The question has tremendous implications for how science is done and what society gets from its investment. Since the earliest days of science, bragging rights to a discovery have gone to the person who first reports it. 【R1】______. In recent years, however, intense competition among scientists has led to difficulties, and we have begun to wonder if there isn’t a better way.
    【R2】______. Economists view scientific knowledge as a public good, which means that competitors are free to make use of that knowledge once it is publicized. The priority rule provides a potent incentive for scientists to share their knowledge. Some think that the priority rule also helps to ensure that society gets the optimal return from its investment in science because rewards go to those scientists who benefit society the most.
    The winner-take-all aspect of the priority rule has its drawbacks, however. It can encourage secrecy, sloppy practices, dishonesty and an excessive emphasis on surrogate measures of scientific quality, such as publication in high-impact journals. 【R3】______.
    As competition over reduced funding has increased markedly, these disadvantages of the priority rule may have begun to outweigh its benefits. Success rates for scientists applying for National Institutes of Health funding have recently reached an all-time low. 【R4】______. Recent scandals in science are reminiscent of the doping problems in sports, in which disproportionately rich rewards going to winners has fostered cheating.
    The importance of teamwork in science has never been greater. Studies of publications over the past 50 years show that teams increasingly dominate science and are contributing the highest-impact research. 【R5】______.
    The appropriateness of the priority rule for science has never been seriously questioned. Is it best suited to the modern scientific age, in which scientists operate in large teams that put a premium on cooperation? An alternative system that celebrates team effort toward solving problems may work better.
[A]Perhaps scientists would gladly trade the benefits of the priority rule(individual reward)for a system that offers greater stability of support and collegiality, freer sharing of information, more fairness, and improved scientific rigor and cooperation. This would be a discovery of enormous benefit to the scientific enterprise and the society it serves.
[B]At its best, the priority rule fosters healthy competition, which can be a strong motivator for scientists to innovate and rapidly solve problems.
[C]As a result, we have seen a steep rise in unhealthy competition among scientists, accompanied by a dramatic proliferation in the number of scientific publications retracted because of fraud or error.
[D]The race to be first encourages risk taking that can lead to scientific breakthroughs that benefit society while at the same time creating conditions that are detrimental to science. Hence, it may be worth reconsidering the priority rule and whether it is the best reward system for science.
[E]This "priority rule" has led to some colorful disputes—Newton famously got into a tussle with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who wanted credit for inventing calculus- but by and large, the rule has worked well.
[F]Collaborators, consortia and networks are essential for tackling interdisciplinary problems and massive undertakings, such as the Human Genome Project. The priority rule may be undermining this process.
[G]The editors of the journal Nature have recently exhorted scientists to take greater care in their work, citing poor reproducibility of published findings, errors in figures, improper controls, incomplete descriptions of methods and unsuitable statistical analyses as evidence of increasing sloppiness.
【R4】
选项
答案C
解析 本题考查上下文衔接，空格出现在第五段中间。空格上文指出．科学家对科研资金的争夺日益激烈，导致他们申请基金的成功率达到了空前的低点。空格下文将科学界的丑闻与体育界的舞弊行为进行类比。[C]选项首先通过As a result交代了科学家激烈竞争导致的严重后果：科学家恶意竞争，弄虚作假，与上文形成了因果关系；同时也引出了学术造假等信息，与下文中体育界的舞弊现象形成类比。其中，steep rise与上文all-time low形成对比，are reminiscent of(使人想起)引出类比对象，fraud or error与下文cheating同义复现。
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