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  3. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevert

No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevert

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问题     No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
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答案 专业人员和业余人员在科学上无法被明确地区分开来：因为任何规则都有例外。不过“业余人员”一词确实具有如此的含义：他们没有完全融入科学界，尤其是，可能没有完全接受其价值观。19世纪专业分工的发展加上时间更长、内容更复杂的培训，意味着业余人员参与科学研究将会碰到更多的问题。这一趋势在以数学或实验室培训为基础的科学领域里自然表现得尤为突出。英国地质学的发展可以阐明这种趋势。
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