首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Norms: Types and Acceptance Sociologists find that to understand a culture, it is very important to understand its norms. Ⅰ.
Norms: Types and Acceptance Sociologists find that to understand a culture, it is very important to understand its norms. Ⅰ.
admin
2010-02-20
47
问题
Norms: Types and Acceptance
Sociologists find that to understand a culture, it is very important to understand its norms.
Ⅰ. Definition of "Norms"
They are the【1】standards of behaviour maintained by a society. 【1】________.
Ⅱ. Types of Norms
Norms are distinguished in two ways:
A. Formal and informal norms
Formal norms are generally【2】and involve
strict rules for punishment of violators. 【2】________.
One example is laws.
Informal norms are generally【3】but are not precisely recorded. 【3】________.
Standards of proper dress are an example.
B. Mores and folkways
Mores embody the most valuable【4】of a people
and are regarded highly necessary 【4】________.
to the welfare of a society.
Examples are mores against【5】and treason. 【5】________.
Folkways govern【6】and the violation cause relatively little concern. 【6】________.
They are important in shaping people’s daily behaviour.
Ⅲ. Acceptance of Norms
People in a culture normally follow its norms, but they are not followed in all situations.
A. In some cases, people evade a weakly-enforced norm.
【7】is an example 【7】________.
B. In some instances norms are violated because one norm【8】with another.【8】________.
For-example, your intervening of your neighbour’s improper behaviour.
C. Any norm has【9】 【9】________.
Eaves-dropping and self-defence are examples.
D. Acceptance of norms is subjected to【10】 【10】________.
Women’s role is an example.
【1】
Good afternoon, everybody. Today we’ll go on with our discussion about "Elements of Culture". We have talked about the element of language, which is viewed by sociologists as the foundation of every culture. Now let’s look at the second element--norms. What are norms? Norms can be defined as the established standards of behaviour maintained by a society. Well, you know, all societies have ways of encouraging and enforcing what they view as appropriate behaviour while discouraging and punishing what they consider to be improper conducts. For example, respect for older people is a norm found in China. "Put on some clean clothes for dinner" is a norm followed in America. Bowing deeply to each other when meeting and saying good-bye to people is a norm practised in Japan. These are all norms.
In order for a norm to become significant, it must be widely shared and understood. For example, when we go to the movies, we typically expect that people will be quiet while the film is showing. Because of this norm, if a member of the audience talks loudly, he may be asked to lower his voice. And when we go to school or go to work, we are expected to be punctual. If someone is late, he or she may feel uneasy and should say sorry to others.
Now we’ll have a look at the types of norms. Sociologists distinguish norms in two ways. First, norms can be classified as formal and informal. Formal norms have generally been written down and involve strict rules for punishment of violators. Laws are an example of formal norms, because in a political sense, the law is the body of rules, made by government for society, interpreted by the courts, and backed by the state. Besides, the requirements for a college major and rules of a card game are also formal norms.
By contrast, informal norms are generally understood but are not precisely recorded. Standards of proper dress are a common example of informal norms. Our society has no specific punishment or sanction if a student comes to college dressed quite differently from everyone else. The most likely response is that he or she might be made fun of by other students for his or her unusual choice of clothing.
Second, norms are also classified by their relative importance to society. When classified this way, they are known as mores and folkways. Mores are norms that are regarded highly necessary to the welfare of a society, often because they embody the most valuable principles of a people. Each society demands obedience to its mores, and violation can lead to severe penalties. For example, our society has strong mores against murder and treason.
Folkways are norms governing everyday behaviour whose violation raised relatively little concern. For example, walking up a "down" escalator in a department store challenges our standards of appropriate behaviour, but it will not result in a fine or a jail sentence. Folkways play an important role in shaping the daily behaviour of members of a culture.
OK, how do people accept norms? Now we’ll talk about the acceptance of norms. First, norms, whether mores or folkways, are not followed in all situations. In some cases, people evade a norm because they know it is weakly enforced. For example, although smoking in public is forbidden, we often find people smoking in buses or other public places.
Second, norms are violated in some instances because one norm conflicts with another. For example, suppose you live in an apartment building and one night you hear the screams of the woman next door. She is being beaten by her husband. If you decided to intervene by calling the police, you are violating the norm of "mind your own business" or "don’t interfere with other family’s business", while at the same time you are following the norm of assisting a victim of violence.
Then, even when norms do not conflict, there are always exceptions to any norm. The same action, under different circumstances, can cause one to be viewed either as a hero or as a villain. For example, Eaves-drop- ping on telephone conversation is normally considered illegal or mean, but it can be done by the police to obtain valid evidence for a criminal trial. Even killing another human being is tolerated as a form of self-defence and is actually rewarded in warfare.
Acceptance of norms is also subjected to change, as the political, economic, and social conditions of a culture is transformed. For example, under traditional norms, a woman was expected to marry, rear children, and remain at home if her husband could support the family. However, these norms have been changing in recent decades, and more and more women are ready to or encouraged to have her own career and support the family together with her husband. As support for traditional norms weakens, people will feel free to violate them more frequently and openly and will be less likely to receive serious negative sanctions for doing so.
Well, time is almost up for today’s lecture. To sum up, norms are established standards of behaviour maintained by a society. They are distinguished in two ways, that is, formal or informal norms according to their formality, and mores and folkways according to their relative importance to society. People in a culture normally follow its norms, but acceptance of norms differs in different situations and social conditions. Next time we’ll go on with other elements of culture, sanctions and values. See you then.
选项
答案
established/fixed
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/1ZvO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
A、TheGilbey’s.B、TheGoldenBengal.C、TheGino’s.D、Noneoftheabove.D
TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)is【C1】______dealingwiththeglobalrulesoftradebetweennations.Ithasmorethan【C2】____
A、Becauseitwouldmaketheweddinglessexciting.B、Becauseitwouldbringthenewcouplebadluck.C、Becauseitwouldbringth
Itisdifficulttogiveadescriptionof【C1】______becausetheyvaryfromstatetostateandcitytocity.Sometownsallowth
Weoftenhearandreadaboutcontroversialissuesinscienceandtechnology.Forexample,willradiationfromelectronicequipm
A、Theywerethroughwiththejobbefore6o’clock.B、Theywere3hourslate.C、Thecompletionofthejobtookmoretimethanthe
Whatweknowofprenataldevelopmentmakesallthisattemptmadebyamothertomoldthecharacterofherunbornchildbystudyi
A、Hismother.B、Hisfather.C、Hischild.D、Himself.B
Takingonaleadershiproleforthefirsttimeistough.Thereisalwayspressureonyoutodotherightthings,andtobeseen
Mymother’shandsaredeepincabbageleaves,hersleevespusheduppastherelbows,asshesiftsthroughwater,salt,andveget
随机试题
管理职能中最基本的职能是()
一患者行宫颈活检,病理报告为鳞状上皮化生,提示宫颈为
早产儿,诊断为寒冷损伤综合征,肛温32℃,腋温30℃,应用暖箱复温时,开始的温度最好为()
A、以孕母保健为重点B、注重访视,全面了解小儿的健康、喂养和疾病等C、提倡母乳喂养,合理添加辅食,定期体格检查,合理安排小儿生活D、重视早教教育,培养良好品德,增强体质,加强传染病防治E、加强体格锻炼,培养良好的生活、卫生习惯,加强
男,20岁。3天前受凉后出现咳嗽、咳白黏痰,发热39℃,胸片示左下肺大片渗出影,予青霉素静脉滴注。如有效则最先出现的是
对客源的获取、记录、储存、分析和利用的一系列活动,就是()。
某供热企业2008年度拥有生产用房原值3000万元,当年取得供热收入2000万元,某中直接向居民供热的收入500万元,房产所在地规定计算房产余值的扣除比例为20%。该企业2008年应缴纳的房产税为()万元。(2009年新制度)
某市一节发展学生跳跃能力的公开课,教学对象为小学二年级学生。课前教师做了精心准备:将废旧报纸剪成荷叶形状,并且染成了绿色,把纸盒排成小沟,用废旧的轮胎做成山洞。上课了,老师首先给同学们讲了一个《小青蛙找妈妈》的故事,孩子们听得非常高兴,看到老师布置的场地
我国《教育法》规定的在校学生的权利有()。
以下哪些不是法律关系客体中法律意义上的物?()
最新回复
(
0
)