首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In contrast to the political anarchy, economic dislocation, and military destruction in Spanish America, Brazil’s drive toward i
In contrast to the political anarchy, economic dislocation, and military destruction in Spanish America, Brazil’s drive toward i
admin
2022-04-28
731
问题
In contrast to the political anarchy, economic dislocation, and military destruction in Spanish America, Brazil’s drive toward independence from Portugal proceeded as a relatively bloodless transition between 1808 and 1822. The idea of Brazilian independence first arose in the late eighteenth century as a Brazilian reaction to the Portuguese policy of tightening political and economic control over the colony in the interests of
the mother country
. The first significant conspiracy against Portuguese rule was organized from 1788—1799 in the province of Minas Gerais, where rigid governmental control over the production and prices of gold and diamonds, as well as heavy taxes, caused much discontent. But
this conspiracy
never went beyond the stage of discussion and was easily discovered and crushed. Other conspiracies in the late eighteenth century as well as a brief revolt in 1817 reflected the influence of republican ideas over sections of the elite and even the lower strata of urban society. All proved abortive or were soon crushed. Were it not for an accident of European history, the independence of Brazil might have been long delayed.
The French invasion of Portugal in 1807 followed by the flight of the Portuguese court (sovereign and government officers) to Rio de Janeiro brought large benefits to Brazil. Indeed, the transfer of the court in effect signified achievement of Brazilian independence. The Portuguese prince and future King Joao VI opened Brazil’s ports to the trade of friendly nations, permitted the rise of local industries, and founded the Bank of Brazil. In 1815 he elevated Brazil to the legal status of a kingdom coequal with Portugal. In one sense, however, Brazil’s new status signified the substitution of one dependence for another. Freed from Portuguese control, Brazil came under the economic dominance of England, which obtained major tariff concessions and other privileges by the Strangford Treaty of 1810 between Portugal and Great Britain. The treaty provided for the importation of British manufactures into Brazil and the export of Brazilian agricultural produce to Great Britain. One result was an influx of cheap machine-made goods that swamped the handicrafts industry of
the country
.
Brazilian elites took satisfaction in Brazil’s new role and the growth of educational, cultural, and economic opportunities for their class. But the feeling was mixed with resentment toward the thousands of Portuguese courtiers (officials) and hangers-on
who
came with the court and who competed with Brazilians for jobs and favors. Thus, the change in the status of Brazil sharpened the conflict between Portuguese elites born in Brazil and elites born in Portugal and loyal to the Portuguese crown.
The event that precipitated the break with the mother country was the revolution of 1820 in Portugal. The Portuguese revolutionaries framed a liberal constitution for the kingdom, but
they
were conservative or reactionary in relation to Brazil. They demanded the immediate return of King Joao to Lisbon, an end to the system of dual monarchy that he had devised, and the restoration of the Portuguese commercial monopoly. Timid and vacillating, King Joao did not know which way to turn. Under the pressure of his courtiers, who hungered to return to Portugal and their lost estates, he finally approved the new constitution and sailed for Portugal. He left behind
him
, however, his son and heir, Pedro, and in a private letter advised him that in the event the Brazilians should demand independence, he should assume leadership of the movement and set the crown of Brazil on his head.
Soon it became clear that the Portuguese parliament intended to set the clock back by abrogating all the liberties and concessions won by Brazil since 1808. One of its decrees insisted on the immediate return of Pedro from Brazil. The pace of events moved more rapidly in 1822. On January 9, urged on by Brazilian advisers
who
perceived a golden opportunity to make an orderly transition to independence without the intervention of the masses, Pedro refused an order from the parliament to return to Portugal, saying famously, "I remain." On September 7, regarded by all Brazilians as Independence Day, he issued the even more celebrated proclamation, "Independence or death!" In December 1822, having overcome slight resistance by Portuguese troops, Dom Pedro was formally proclaimed constitutional Emperor of Brazil.
The phrase "the country" in Paragraph 2 refers to ________.
选项
A、France
B、Portugal
C、Great Britain
D、Brazil
答案
D
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/1dfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Whatisthewoman’sattitudetowardeachofthefollowingactivitiesofstudy?ChooseFOURanswersfromtheboxandwritetheco
Whatisthewoman’sattitudetowardeachofthefollowingactivitiesofstudy?ChooseFOURanswersfromtheboxandwritetheco
Whatisthewoman’sattitudetowardeachofthefollowingactivitiesofstudy?ChooseFOURanswersfromtheboxandwritetheco
Whatisthewoman’sattitudetowardeachofthefollowingactivitiesofstudy?ChooseFOURanswersfromtheboxandwritetheco
Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,orC.WhatisBill’sattitudetowardKim?
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.Americanboysdropoutofschoolatahigherratethangirlsbecause
Conserving本题有关两种不同特征的文化。根据录音的关键词contrasting“相反的”可知,空格处应填入和extending“开放性的”意思相反的词。
StudioTheatre艺术中心有两个剧院(twotheatres),分别是theGilbert和theStudio。它们两个都设在建筑物楼群的后部(towardsthebackofthebuilding)。其中,thestudio位
随机试题
莲藕花托形成“莲蓬”,由疏松的海绵状通气组织组成,以适应于()
X线的穿透能力与X线波长有关,波长愈短,穿透力愈强;波长愈长,穿透力愈弱。
尿液的排泄量受多种因素影响,为了获得较准确的检测结果,通常采用尿比重校正法,把尿的比重校正到
以下哪项不是肥疮的特点()
在我国的地价体系构成中,从地价的特点看,基准地价属于()。
有利于录音室混响时间适当、声音扩散均匀的措施是()。
会计分析过程中,对会计报表进行比较的方法有()。
二十世纪八九十年代,在日本的科研经费中,企业投入占70%;企业拥有的科研人员占全国科研人员的59%;企业拥有全国80%以上的科研机构。这一现象反映的是()。
把下面的六个图形分为两类,使每一类图形都有各自的共同特征或规律,分类正确的一项是:
本来由一系列刺激形成的一连串反应,经训练巩固后,刺激系列的第一个刺激出现,后面一连串反应就依次出现的现象是()
最新回复
(
0
)