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  3. Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

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问题     Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the University of Chicago and Stanford University who studied mother-child interactions over the course of several years found that the type of praise children receive affects their attitudes toward challenges later in life.
    Specifically, praise that came with feedback about their behavior and the choices that toddlers (初学走路的小孩) made helped them to cope better with difficult experiences five years later, compared with compliments that focused more on the child himself, like "You’re a good boy." The study, which appears in the journal Child Development, is the first major study of praise and child development done outside of a lab setting.
    "This is something we suspected would be the case based on a lot of experimental research, and it’s exciting to see it play out in the real world," says Elizabeth Gunderson, an assistant professor of psychology at Temple University, in Philadelphia, who led the study while at the University of Chicago. "Praising the efforts, actions and work of the kid is going to be more beneficial in their long-term persistence and desire to be challenged and work hard in the future."
    Such "process praise" includes comments such as "You worked really hard." or "You’re doing a great job," which emphasize the child’s actions. "Person praise" includes comments like "You’re so smart." or "You’re so good," which focus on a child’s inherent qualities. These distinctions aren’t new in the field of psychology, but exactly how they affect children’s development over the years hasn’t always been clear.
    As part of the study, researchers visited the homes of more than 50 toddlers between the ages of 1 and 3 years old, and filmed their daily interactions with their parents during multiple 90-minute sessions. Five years later, the researchers followed up with the families, using questionnaires to measure the children’s attitudes toward challenges and problem solving. The children who grew up with more process praise were more open to challenge, and were able to identify more ways of overcoming difficult problems. They were also more likely to say that they could improve their intelligence with hard work. While person praise didn’t seem to have any negative effect on the children, the study suggests that process praise teaches children that their talents and abilities can be developed and improved, while person praise sends the message that their abilities are fixed and therefore not easily altered.
    "This study is monumental," says Carol Dweck, a co-author of the study and a professor at Stanford University whose earlier research laid the foundation for understanding the role of praise in child development. "To be videotaping (录制) these mother-child interactions and to be interviewing the mothers and children over the years is an enormous undertaking."
Which of the following is "process praise"?
选项 A、You are a good boy.
B、You are so smart.
C、You are really talented.
D、You have done very well.
答案D
解析 第4段首句提到,“过程性赞扬”强调的是孩子的行为，它包括“你工作真努力”或“你干得很好”这样的话语。四个选项中只有D)You have done very well．“干得好。”强调的是行为，其他三项强调的都是个人所拥有的品质，属于“个人性赞扬”，故排除A)You are a good boy．“你是个好孩子。”、B)You are so smart．“你真聪明。”和C)You are really talented．“你真有才。”，答案为D)。
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