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  3. Early intelligence tests were not without their critics. Man enduring concerns were first raised by the influential journalist W

Early intelligence tests were not without their critics. Man enduring concerns were first raised by the influential journalist W

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问题     Early intelligence tests were not without their critics. Man enduring concerns were first raised by the influential journalist Walter Lippman, in a series of published debates with Lewis Terman, of Stanford University, the father of IQ testing in America. Lippman pointed out the superficiality of the questions, their possible cultural biases, and the risks of trying to determine a person’s intellectual potential with a brief oral or paper-and-pencil measure.
    Perhaps surprisingly, the conceptualization of intelligence did not advance much in the decades following Terman’s pioneering contributions. Intelligence tests came to be seen, rightly or wrongly, as primarily a tool for selecting people to fill academic or vocational niches. In one of the most famous remarks about intelligence testing, the influential Harvard psychologist E. G. Boring declared, "Intelligence is what the tests test." So long as these tests did what they were supposed to do(that is, give some indication of school success), it did not seem necessary or prudent to probe too deeply into their meaning or to explore alternative views of the human intellect.
    Psychologists who study intelligence have argued chiefly about two questions. The first: Is intelligence singular, or does it consist of various more or less independent intellectual faculties? The purists — ranging from the turn-of-the-century English psychologist Charles Spearman to his latter-day disciples Richard J. Herrntein and Charles Murray — defend the notion of a single overarching "g". The pluralists — ranging from L. L. Thurstone, of the University of Chicargo, who posited seven vectors of the mind, to J. P. Guilford, of the University of Southern California, who discerned 150 factors of the intellect — construe intelligence as composed of some or even many dissociable components.
    The public is more interested in the second question: Is intelligence(or are intelligences)largely inherited? This is by and large a Western question. In the Confucian societies of East Asia individual differences in endowment are assumed to be modest, and differences in achievement are thought to be due largely to effort. In the West, however, many students of the subject sympathize with the view that intelligence is inborn and one can do little to alter one’s intellectual birthright.
    Studies of identical twins reared apart provide surprisingly strong support for the "heritability" of psychometric intelligence. That is, if one wants to predict someone’s score on an intelligence test, the scores of the biological parents(even if the child has not had appreciable contact with them)are more likely to prove relevant than the scores of the adoptive parents. By the same token, the IQs of identical twins are more similar than the IQs of fraternal twins. And, contrary to common sense, the IQs of biologically related people grow closer in the later years of life.
What does E. G. Boring’s remarks "intelligence is what the tests test" suggest?
选项 A、Intelligence tests have come to be seen rightly or wrongly.
B、Intelligence tests have become primarily a tool for selecting people.
C、Intelligence tests have become an irritating test.
D、Intelligence tests can hardly justify one’s real intellect.
答案D
解析 根据题干中的intelligence is what the tests test将本题出处定位于第2段。综合文章第1、2段可知，这两段主要是与人们对intelligence tests的功能的质疑有关，博林的评论Intelligence is what the tests test(智力只不过是智力测试的结果罢了)出现在这一语境之中明显表明他怀疑智力测验能否显示出人的真实智商，故答案为D)。
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