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  3. From the beginning, the idea of a finite universe ran into its own obstacle, the apparent need for an edge, a problem tha

From the beginning, the idea of a finite universe ran into its own obstacle, the apparent need for an edge, a problem tha

admin2011-01-17  58
问题             From the beginning, the idea of a finite universe ran into its own obstacle,
       the apparent need for an edge, a problem that has only recently been grappled
       with. Aristotle’s argument, that the universe is finite, and that a boundary was
Line    necessary to fix an absolute reference frame, held only until scientists wondered
(5)     what happened at the far side of the edge. In other words, why do we not
       redefine the "universe" to include that other side?
           Riemann ingeniously replied by proposing the hypersphere, the three-
       dimensional surface of a four-dimensional ball. Previously it was supposed that
       the ultimate physical reality must be a Euclidean space of some dimension, and
(10)    thus if space were a hypersphere, it would need to sit in a four-dimensional
       Euclidean space that allows us to view it from the outside. But according to
       Riemann, it would be perfectly acceptable for the universe to be a hypersphere
       and not embedded in any higher-dimensional space; nature need not therefore
       cling to the ancient notion. According to Einstein’s powerful but limited theory
(15)    of relativity, space is a dynamic medium that can curve in one of three ways,
       depending on the distribution of matter and energy within it, but because we are
       embedded in space, we cannot see the flexure directly but rather perceive it as
       gravitational attraction and geometric distortion of images. Thus, to determine
       which of the three geometries our universe has, astronomers are forced to
(20)    measure the density of matter and energy in the cosmos, whose amounts appear
       at present to be insufficient to force space to arch back on itself in "spherical"
       geometry. Space may also have the familiar Euclidean geometry, like that of a
       plane, or a "hyperbolic" geometry, like that of a saddle. Furthermore, the
       universe could be spherical, yet so large that the observable part seems
(25)    Euclidean, just as a small patch of the earth’s surface looks flat.
           We must recall that relativity is a purely local theory: it predicts the
       curvature of each small volume of space-its geometry-based on the matter
       and energy it contains, and the three plausible cosmic geometries are consistent
       with many different topologies: relativity would describe both a torus and a
(30)    plane with the same equations, even though the torus is finite and the plane is
       infinite. Determining the topology therefore requires some physical
       understanding beyond relativity, in order to answer the question, for instance,
       of whether the universe is, like a plane, "simply connected", meaning there is
       only one direct path for light to travel from a source to an observer. A simply
(35)    connected Euclidean or hyperbolic universe would indeed be infinite-and seems
       self-evident to the layman-but unfortunately the universe might instead be
       "multiply-connected", like a torus, in which case there are many different such
       paths. An observer could see multiple images of each galaxy and easily interpret
       them as distinct galaxies in an endless space, much as a visitor to a mirrored
(40)    room has the illusion of seeing a huge crowd, and for this reason physicists have
       yet to conclusively determine the shape of the universe.
The "ancient notion" (line 14) to which the author refers to is the idea that
选项 A、infinite space, by definition, can exist but cannot be observed from an external reference point
B、in order for there to be an outside to the universe, the ultimate physical reality must be a Euclidean planar space
C、one cannot observe the edge of any object, including the universe, except by using a perspective external to it
D、the universe can always be redefined to include what is beyond an absolute reference point
E、the universe is a hypersphere which must be embedded in higher-dimensional space than that given by Euclidean geometry
答案C
解析
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