首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
【T1】A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend toward "directed" or "programmed" research
【T1】A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend toward "directed" or "programmed" research
admin
2013-02-16
29
问题
【T1】
A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend toward "directed" or "programmed" research; i. e. research whose scope and objectives are predetermined by private or government organizations rather than researchers themselves.
Any scientist working for such organizations and investigating in a given field therefore tends to do so in accordance with a plan or program designed beforehand.
At the beginning of the century, however, the situation was quite different. At that time there were no industrial research organizations in the modern sense; the laboratory unit consisted of a few scientists at the most, assisted by one or two technicians. Nevertheless, the scientist, often working with inadequate equipment in unsuitable rooms, was free to choose any subject for investigation he liked, since there was no predetermined program to which he had to conform.
【T2】
As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of the problems to be solved made it impossible, in many cases, for the individual scientist to deal with the huge mass of new data, techniques and equipment that were required for carrying out research accurately and efficiently.
The increasing scale and scope of the experiments needed to test new hypotheses and develop new techniques and industrial processes led to the setting up of research groups or teams using highly-complicated equipment in elaborately-designed laboratories. Owing to the large slim of money involved, it wag then felt essential to direct these human and material resources into specific channels with clearly-defined objectives. In this way it was considered that the quickest and most practical results could be obtained. This, then, was programmed(programmatic)research.
One of the effects of this organized and standardized investigation is to cause the scientist to become increasingly involved in applied research(development), especially in the branches of science which seem most likely to have industrial applications. Private industry and even government departments tend to concentrate on immediate results and show comparatively little interest in long-range investigations.【T3】
In consequence, there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to the applied field, where there are more jobs available, frequently more highly-paid and with better technical facilities than jobs connected with pure research in a university.
Owing to the interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this system, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for the future of science — not only pure science, but applied science as well.
【T1】
选项
答案
现在,科学技术中出现了一种新的现象,科学研究越来越朝着“有领导的”或“有计划的”趋势发展,也就是说这种研究的范围和目标是由私人或政府机构而不是由研究人员自己事先确定的。
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/2QmO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Sciencewritersmust21informationregardingscientificevents.Inthiscapacity,theymaketheinformationclearerandmore
Itisnotoftenrealizedthatwomen【1】ahighplaceinsouthernEuropeansocietiesinthe10thand11thcenturies.Asa【2】,thew
PsychologistAlfredAdlersuggestedthattheprimarygoalofthepsyche(精神)wassuperiority.Although【1】hebelievedthatindivi
Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownne
TheCommitteepronouncedfourmembersexpelledforfailuretoprovideinformationinthe______ofinvestigations.
Lovecan’tconquerall.So,beforecouplestietheknot,theyshouldknowwhatthey’regettinginto.Thetabooagainstcouplesl
Therearegreatcareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisisonspecialization.Youfindthesecareersinengineering,inproduct
Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.I
从亚洲及太平洋沿岸国家移民来的美国人在各个领域为美国做出了杰出的贡献。由于亚洲裔移民的祖籍国家具有丰富多样的传统,他们来到美国以后,大大促进了美国文化的发展,提高了美国人民的生活水平。美国高度评价亚太裔美国人的贡献。他们带来的勤奋精神促进了美国的
Thebookcontainedalarge______ofinformation.
随机试题
中国传统文化推崇一种“公道良心”的自我反省评审原则,认为真正谦谦君子的处世之道,应该是“笑骂由人”“身正不怕影子斜”“清者自清,浊者自浊”“桃李不言,下自成蹊”等。这些原则,放在个人的修养历练上,无可厚非。但是,中国在国际话语权争夺上的弱势,很多时候源于我
使用VC++2010打开考生文件夹下progl中的解决方案。此解决方案的项目中包含一个源程序文件progl.c。在此程序中,请编写函数fun(),其功能是在一组得分中去掉一个最高分和一个最低分,然后求平均值,并通过函数返回该值。函数形参a指向存放得分的数组
A碧绿色B绿黄色炒青绿茶汤色()
下列化合物中,酸性最强的是
急性白血病贫血的主要原因为
下列免疫学测定方法中敏感性最高的是
在进行变电所电气设备内绝缘配合时,其内绝缘相对地额定操作冲击耐压与避雷器操作过电压保护水平间的配合系数不应小于多少?
根据《民法通则》的规定,诉讼时效期间届满,权利人丧失的是()。
学生既是教育的对象,又是自我教育和发展的主体,其主体作用的最高表现形式为()。
MorethanhalfofBritishfilmsproducedinthelast10yearsdonotincludeanyblackactorsinnamedroles,newresearchsays.
最新回复
(
0
)