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  3. 【F1】All our reasonings concerning matter of fact are founded in a species of analogy which leads us to expect from any cause the

【F1】All our reasonings concerning matter of fact are founded in a species of analogy which leads us to expect from any cause the

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问题    【F1】All our reasonings concerning matter of fact are founded in a species of analogy which leads us to expect from any cause the same events which we have observed to result from similar causes. Where the causes are entirely similar, the analogy is perfect, and the inference drawn from it is regarded as certain and conclusive; nor does any man ever entertain a doubt, where he sees a piece of iron, that it will have weight and cohesion of parts as in all other instances which have ever fallen under his observation. 【F2】But where the objects have not so exact a similarity, the analogy is less perfect and the inference is less conclusive, though still it has some force, in proportion to the degree of similarity and resemblance.
   The anatomical observations formed upon one animal are, by this species of reasoning, extended to all animals; and it is certain that, when the circulation of the blood, for instance, is clearly proved to have place in one creature, as a frog or fish, it forms a strong assumption that the same principle has place in all. These analogical observations may be carried further; and any theory by which we explain the operations of the understanding or the origin and connection of the passions in man will acquire additional authority if we find that the same theory is necessary to explain the same phenomena in all other animals.
   It seems evident that animals, as well as men, learn many things from experience and infer that the same events will always follow from the same causes. 【F3】By this principle they become acquainted with the more obvious properties of external objects and gradually, from their birth, treasure up a knowledge of the nature of fire, water, earth, etc., and of the effects which result from their operation. 【F4】A horse that has been accustomed to the field becomes acquainted with the proper height which he can leap, and will never attempt what exceeds his force and ability. An old dog will trust the more fatiguing part of the chase to the younger and will place himself so as to meet the feeble hare.
   【F5】In all these cases we may observe that the animal infers some fact beyond what immediately strikes his senses, and that this inference is altogether founded on past experience. And the creature expects from the present object the same consequences which it has always found in its observation to result from similar objects.
【F3】
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答案按照这个原理，他们开始了解外部物体较明显的属性，并从出生以后就慢慢积累知识，熟悉火、水、土等事物的本质，以及他们自身活动产生的效果。
解析 ①本句是由and连接两个分句的并列句，其中分句2包含一个定语从句。②分句1中become acquainted with意思是“熟悉了解……”；介词短语of external objects修饰properties，表示外部物体较明显的属性。③and连接的分句2中from their birth中的their指的是上文提到的动物和人；句末的定语从句which result from their operations修饰effects，其中their也指动物和人，operations常见义是“运作，操作”，对指动物和人而言，用“活动”表达更准确、合理。
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