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  3. Immigration poses two main challenges for the rich world’s governments. One is how to manage the inflow of migrants; the other,

Immigration poses two main challenges for the rich world’s governments. One is how to manage the inflow of migrants; the other,

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问题     Immigration poses two main challenges for the rich world’s governments. One is how to manage the inflow of migrants; the other, how to integrate those who are already there.
    Whom, for example, to allow in? Already, many governments have realized that the market for top talent is global and competitive. Led by Canada and Australia, they are redesigning migration policies not just to admit, but actively to attract highly skilled immigrants. Germany, for instance, tentatively introduced a green card of its own several years ago for information-technology staff.
    Whereas the case for attracting the highly skilled is fast becoming conventional wisdom, a thornier issue is what to do about the unskilled. Because the difference in earnings is greatest in this sector, migration of the unskilled delivers the largest global economic gains. Moreover, wealthy, well-educated, ageing economies create lots of jobs for which their own workers have little appetite.
    So immigrants tend to cluster at the upper and lower ends of the skill spectrum. Immigrants either have university degrees or no high-school education. Mr. Smith’s survey makes the point: Among immigrants to America, the proportion with a postgraduate education, at 21%, is almost three times as high as in the native population; equally, the proportion with less than nine years of schooling, at 20%, is more than three times as high as that of the native-born.
    All this means that some immigrants do far better than others. The unskilled are the problem. Research by George Borjas, a Harvard University professor whose parents were unskilled Cuban immigrants, has drawn attention to the fact that the unskilled account for a growing proportion of America’s foreign-born. Newcomers without high-school education not only drag down the wages of the poorest Americans; their children are also disproportionately likely to fail at school.
    These youngsters are there to stay. "The toothpaste is out of the tube," says Mark Krikorian, executive director of the Centre for Immigration Studies. And their numbers will grow. Because the rich world’s women spurn motherhood, immigrants give birth to many of the rich world’s babies. Foreign mothers account for one birth in five in Switzerland and one in eight in Germany and Britain. If these children grow up underprivileged and undereducated, they will create a new underclass that may take many years to emerge from poverty.
    For Europe, immigration creates particular problems. Europe needs it even more than the United States because the continent is ageing faster than any other region. Immigration is not a permanent cure(immigrants grow old too), but it will buy time. And migration can "grease the wheels" of Europe’s sclerotic labour markets, argues Tito Boeri in a report published in July. However, thanks to the generosity of Europe’s welfare states, migration is also a sort of tax on immobile labour. And the more immobile Europeans are—the older, the less educated—the more xenophobic they are too.
The author cites Mr. Smith’s survey in order to show that
选项 A、most immigrants are either highly skilled or poorly unskilled.
B、immigrants take up a larger proportion of American population than the natives.
C、immigrants are mostly those who received little education before arrival.
D、there are more highly skilled immigrants in America than unskilled immigrants.
答案A
解析 作者引用史密斯先生的调查是为了表明[A]大多数移民不是熟练掌握了技能，就是几乎没有技能。[B]移民在美国人口中所占的比重高于本土人所占的比重。[C]大部分移民在移民之前几乎没有受到过教育。[D]美国的移民中，掌握熟练技能的移民多于没有技能的移民。第四段开头指出了这段的主题：移民主要集中于技能范围的最上和最下两端。移民或是有大学学位，或是连中学都没上过。作者引用史密斯先生的调查为例，就是为了说明这个主题，所以答案是[A]。
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