首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Changing our Understanding of Health A The concept of health holds different meanings for
Changing our Understanding of Health A The concept of health holds different meanings for
admin
2010-04-12
82
问题
Changing our Understanding of Health
A
The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These meanings of health have also changed over time. This change is no more evident than in Western society to day, when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.
B
For much of recent Western history. Health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. According to this view, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness. During this period, there was an emphasis on providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing.
In the late 1940s the World Health Organization challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that "health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease" (WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind/body/spirit) and not just in physical terms.
C
The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasizing the importance of the lifestyle and behavior of the individual. Specific behaviors which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviors and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some (the wealthy members of society), people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach. This was largely because both the healthy lifestyles approach and the medical approach to health largely ignored the social and environmental conditions affecting the health of people.
D
During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health. The broad socio-ecological view of health was endorsed at the first International Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986, Ottawa, Canada, where people from 38 countries agreed and declared that:
The fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food, a viable income, a stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity. Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic requirements. (WHO, 1986)
It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviors and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. Therefore, the creation of health must include addressing issues such as poverty, pollution, urbanization, natural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions. The social, economic and environmental contexts which contribute to the creation of health do not operate separately or independently of each other. Rather, they are interacting and interdependent, and it is the complex interrelationships between them which determine the conditions that promote health. A broad socio-ecological of health suggest that the promotion of health must include a strong social, economic and environmental focus.
E
At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of health promotion it states that:
Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development and an important dimension of quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioral and biological factors can all favor health or be harmful to it. (WHO, 1986)
The Ottawa Charter brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion. It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in achieving health for all. The overall philosophy of health promotion which guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health (WHO, 1986).
Good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body throughout the history.
选项
A、Y
B、N
C、NG
答案
B
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/2oj7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
A、Wearemakingtoomanyvehicles.B、Wehavemoreandmoreindustry.C、Therearetoomanydevelopingcountries.D、Peopleusetoo
A、Computerscanbringfinancialproblems.B、Computerscanbringunemployment.C、Computerscanbeveryusefulinfamilies.D、Comp
Thispassageismainlyabouthowthedevelopmentofairlineindustryhasaffectedtheenvironmentthroughitsgreenhousegasese
Everyexecutiveisresponsibleforthesuccessofthecompany__________(无论做什么工作).
FoodsThatFightDiseaseThefoodyoueatdoesmorethanprovideenergy.Itcanhaveadramaticeffectonyourbody’sability
Whatcanweinferfromthetragicexamplegiveninthefirstparagraph?The"hard"detergentscausedtroubleduringthe1950sb
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealetterSupposeyouareWangLingwhoisgoingtoprovideaccommodationtoN
A、Inthestudentrecreationcenter.B、Inthecampusdininghall.C、Intheuniversitybookstore.D、Inaclassroom.B综合推断题,女士说Thi
A、Theairpollutioniscausedbythedevelopmentofindustry.B、Thecitywaspoorbecausetherewasn’tmuchindustrythen.C、The
A、Customerandsalesman.B、Colleagues.C、Employeeandboss.D、Classmates.B
随机试题
厌食的主要病机为
《刑诉解释》规定,涉外刑事案件审判期间,人民法院应当将相关事项及时通报同级人民政府外事主管部门。并通知有关国家驻华使、领馆。请回答下列问题:关于通知的途径,下列说法正确的是:()
【背景资料】某吹填工程,吹填区总面积2.5km3、吹填总容量2000万m3,分为A、B、C三个区进行吹填。A区吹填面积0.9km3、吹填容量750万m3;B区吹填面积0.75km2、吹填容量550万m3;C区吹填面积0.85km2、吹填容量700
某高层综合楼,占地长200m,宽100m,建筑高度为60m,框架剪力墙结构,地下1层,地上22层。该建筑北面为一栋45m的住宅楼,耐火等级为二级,防火间距为10m。在离建筑外墙距离为5m处设有4m宽的环形消防车道,并在其长边设有20m×10m的登高救援场地
甲公司期末进行财产清查,发现如下情况:(1)现金盈余672元,原因待查。(2)现金盘盈原因无法查明,报经有关部门批准后进行会计处理。(3)盘亏设备一台,原价23700元,已提折旧18960元,原因待查。(4)该设备盘
某资料显示:某国某年年末外债余额为827亿美元,当年偿还外债本息358亿美元,国内生产总值3668亿美元,商品劳务出口收入1118亿美元,年初人口数为12.5亿人,年末人口为12.8亿人。根据上述资料请回答:该国的债务率为()。
甲公司与消费者乙约定,由乙试用甲公司的一种新产品。试用期间届满,乙的下列行为中,不应当视为同意购买该新产品的是()。
怀旧疗法是指通过回顾过去事件、情感及想法,帮助阿尔茨海默病患者增加幸福感、提高生活质量及对现有环境的舒适感知能力。根据上述定义,下列选项中最有可能使用了怀旧疗法的是:
一个罐子里装有黑球和白球,黑、白球数之比为R:1,现有放回地一个接一个地抽球,直到抽到黑球为止,记X为所抽的白球数.这样做了n次以后,我们获得一组样本:X1,X2,…,Xn,基于此,求R的最大似然估汁.
WhenTechnologyDoesEverythingforUs当技术为我们做一切事情Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshou
最新回复
(
0
)