首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. CHILDREN’S LITERATURE Stories a
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. CHILDREN’S LITERATURE Stories a
admin
2015-03-03
34
问题
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
CHILDREN’S LITERATURE
Stories and poems aimed at children have an exceedingly long history: lullabies, for example, were sung in Roman times, and a few nursery games and rhymes are almost as ancient. Yet so far as written-down literature is concerned, while there were stories in print before 1700 that children often seized on when they had the chance, such as translations of Aesop’s fables, fairy-stories and popular ballads and romances, these were not aimed at young people in particular. Since the only genuinely child-oriented literature at this time would have been a few instructional works to help with reading and general knowledge, plus the odd Puritanical tract as an aid to morality, the only course for keen child readers was to read adult literature. This still occurs today, especially with adult thrillers or romances that include more exciting, graphic detail than is normally found in the literature for younger readers.
By the middle of the 18th century there were enough eager child readers, and enough parents glad to cater to this interest, for publishers to specialize in children’s books whose first aim was pleasure rather than education or morality. In Britain, a London merchant named Thomas Boreham produced Cajanus, The Swedish Giant in 1742, while the more famous John Newbery published A Little Pretty Pocket Book in 1744. Its contents — rhymes, stories, children’s games plus a free gift(’A ball and a pincushion’)— in many ways anticipated the similar lucky-dip contents of children’s annuals this century. It is a tribute to Newbery’s flair that he hit upon a winning formula quite so quickly, to be pirated almost immediately in America.
Such pleasing levity was not to last. Influenced by Rousseau, whose Emile(1762)decreed that all books for children save Robinson Crusoe were a dangerous diversion, contemporary critics saw to it that children’s literature should be instructive and uplifting. Prominent among such voices was Mrs. Sarah Trimmer, whose magazine The Guardian of Education(1802)carried the first regular reviews of children’s books. It was she who condemned fairy-tales for their violence and general absurdity; her own stories, Fabulous Histories(1786)described talking animals who were always models of sense and decorum.
So the moral story for children was always threatened from within, given the way children have of drawing out entertainment from the sternest moralist. But the greatest blow to the improving children’s book was to come from an unlikely source indeed: early 19th-century interest in folklore. Both nursery rhymes, selected by James Orchard Halliwell for a folklore society in 1842, and collection of fairy-stories by the scholarly Grimm brothers, swiftly translated into English in 1823, soon rocket to popularity with the young, quickly leading to new editions, each one more child-centered than the last. From now on younger children could expect stories written for their particular interest and with the needs of their own limited experience of life kept well to the fore.
What eventually determined the reading of older children was often not the availability of special children’s literature as such but access to books that contained characters, such as young people or animals, with whom they could more easily empathize, or action, such as exploring or fighting, that made few demands on adult maturity or understanding.
The final apotheosis of literary childhood as something to be protected from unpleasant reality came with the arrival in the late 1930s of child-centered best-sellers intent on entertainment at its most escapist. In Britain novelist such as Enid Blyton and Richmal Crompton described children who were always free to have the most unlikely adventures, secure in the knowledge that nothing bad could ever happen to them in the end. The fact that war broke out again during her books’ greatest popularity fails to register at all in the self-enclosed world inhabited by Enid Blyton’s young characters. Reaction against such dream-worlds was inevitable after World War II, coinciding with the growth of paperback sales, children’s libraries and a new spirit of moral and social concern. Urged on by committed publishers and progressive librarians, writers slowly began to explore new areas of interest while also shifting the settings of their plots from the middle-class world to which their chiefly adult patrons had always previously belonged.
Critical emphasis, during this development, has been divided. For some the most important task was to rid children’s books of the social prejudice and exclusiveness no longer found acceptable. Others concentrated more on the positive achievements of contemporary children’s literature. That writers of these works are now often recommended to the attentions of adult as well as child readers echoes the 19th-century belief that children’s literature can be shared by the generations, rather than being a defensive barrier between childhood and the necessary growth towards adult understanding.
Questions 14-18
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
[*]
选项
答案
folklore
解析
利用细节信息“early 19th century”定位于64页第一段第三行“early 19th-centuryinterest in folk-lore”,所以答案为folklore。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/2uNO777K
本试题收录于:
雅思阅读题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思阅读
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
Thedistinctionbetweenmakingartandthinkingandwritingaboutitshouldimplyneitheramutualexclusivenessnorahi
African-Americanfilmmakersshouldbeinanenviableposition,forsincetheearly1990stherehasbeenasteadywaveof
African-Americanfilmmakersshouldbeinanenviableposition,forsincetheearly1990stherehasbeenasteadywaveof
ThoughaleadingauthorityonRomanticliterature,thechairpersonisaspeakerwhoselecturesoneventhemostexcitingliterar
Ithasbeenobservedthatone’sinterestintheworldisneversoapprobatedaswhenoneis______otherpeople’sscandalandtrag
JackKerouacwasneitherademonnorasaintbuta______,notablygentle,deeplyconflictedandfinallyself-destructiveperson
Ancientpeoplefeltmuch______concerningthenotionthattheappearanceofcometswasinauspicious,butneverthelessexhibited__
NewYorkCityisfullofpeoplelikeMr.O’Neal-life-longbibliophileswithaaccumulation,holedupincompactspacesinthein
(Thispassagewaswrittenpriorto1950)Wenowknowthatwhatconstitutespracticallyallofmatterisemptyspa
随机试题
在E—R图中,用来表示实体联系的图形是()。
安全套接字层协议(SSL)是由【】公司推出的用于万维网的安全传输协议。
钻爆法掘进的两贯通巷道在相距()m前,必须停止一个工作面的作业。
临时用电施工组织设计的主要内容有()。
受入境检疫的船舶,必须按照相关规定悬挂检疫信号等候查验,在卫生检疫机关发给入境检疫证前,不得降下检疫信号。昼间在明显处所悬挂国际通语信号旗“QQ”字旗表示( )。
下列哪些可能是退休规划委托合同的委托人()①参与的雇主;②参与的雇员;③雇主和雇员选任的董事会;④雇主和雇员选任的理事会
《刑法》规定,法定最高刑为无期徒刑、死刑的,经过20年就不再追诉;如果20年后必须追诉的,须报请核准的机关是()。
求由方程2xz一2xyz+ln(xyz)=0所确定的函数z=z(x,y)的全微分.
广域网的通信子网可以利用公用()网、()网和()网,将分布在不同地区的计算机系统互连起来,以达到资源共享的目的。
Infact,evenwithouthumans,theEarth’sclimatechanges.Someclimatechangeis【C1】______.But,asgreenhousegasesareadded
最新回复
(
0
)