首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Keep Optimistic and Stay Away from Depression [A] Cynic, Ambrose Bierce remarked in his " Devil’ s Dictionary" , is " a blac
Keep Optimistic and Stay Away from Depression [A] Cynic, Ambrose Bierce remarked in his " Devil’ s Dictionary" , is " a blac
admin
2019-09-14
24
问题
Keep Optimistic and Stay Away from Depression
[A] Cynic, Ambrose Bierce remarked in his " Devil’ s Dictionary" , is " a blackguard(无赖,恶棍)whose faulty vision sees things as they are, not as they ought to be". In the century that has elapsed since Bierce’ s death, science has caught up with him. Cynicism, in all its guises, really may make us see the world more realistically—though at a high personal cost.
[B] The phenomenon, which psychologists call " depressive realism" , was first identified by Lauren Alloy and Lyn Abramson, psychologists at Northwestern and the State University of New York at Stony Brook, respectively, who were studying the illusion that people often have of being in control when, in reality, they are not. In 1979, they took two groups of college students—one depressed, one not—and had them estimate how much control they had over a green light that would either turn on or not when they pressed a button. In reality, there was never a perfect correlation between the action and the event. The light would sometimes turn on when the student pressed the button, and sometimes when he didn’ t. What varied from student to student was the frequency with which the action corresponded with a result. The researchers found that the depressed individuals were much better at identifying those instances when they had little control over the outcomes, while the non-depressed students tended to overestimate their degree of influence over the light.
[C] The difference became even more interesting when Alloy and Abramson added money into the experiment. In some cases, the light was linked to losing money. Participants started out with five dollars and gradually lost it, quarter by quarter, as the light didn’ t respond to their actions. In the other cases, the light signaled financial gain: participants started with nothing but received a quarter each time the light went on. At the end, each person in the first situation emerged having lost five dollars, and each in the second having won five dollars.
[D] When the researchers asked the participants how much control they thought they’ d had throughout the experiment, those who weren’ t depressed reported having significantly more control than they actually had—but only when they won. When they lost, they estimated that they had much less control than was the case. The depressed participants, on the other hand, were far more accurate in their judgments. Depression, Alloy and Abramson concluded, had prevented an unwarranted(毫无根据的)illusion of control when someone won—and had provided a sense of responsibility when someone lost. In the years since Alloy and Abramson’ s initial studies, depressive realism has also been shown to arise from general pessimism and, yes, from cynicism.
[E] By 1992, Alloy and Abramson had replicated their findings in numerous contexts. Not only were depressed individuals more realistic in their judgments, they argued, but the very illusion of being in control held by those who weren’ t depressed was likely to protect them from depression. In other words, the rose-colored glow, no matter how unwarranted, helped people to maintain a healthier mental state. Depression bred objectivity. A lack of objectivity led to a healthier, more adaptive, and more resilient(能复原的)mind-set.
[F] Why would that be the case? As it turns out, the way we explain the world can have very real effects on our physical and emotional well-being—both positive and negative. It’ s a phenomenon that the Harvard University psychologist Daniel Gilbert has called the "psychological immune system" , a feedback loop between how we think and how we feel. If we think more optimistically, we tend to feel better, which in turn makes us think more optimistically.
[G] The notion that our outlook on life is connected to our well-being is not a new one. In the nineteen-sixties, the University of Connecticut psychologist Julian Rotter proposed that we could view external events in one of two lights: either we controlled them or they were the result of something in the environment. He found that successful people tended to follow the same patterns. They took credit for successes, and they reasoned away negative events.
[H] A decade later, Bobbi Fibel and W. Daniel Hale, psychologists from the University of Massachusetts, realized that the effect went even further: when you thought you’ d do well— a mind-set that they termed a "generalized expectancy of success"—you were more likely to be shielded from negative life events. It didn’ t matter whether you were in control: what mattered was your belief that you had good things coming to you. Positive expectations generally lead to positive results.
[I] Most recently, the psychologists Michael Scheier and Charles Carver have taken the insight further still: the positive buffer comes from neither simply control nor expectation alone.
Instead, it’s your general outlook on life, or, as they call it, your "life orientation". Their Life Orientation Test, or LOT, measures how a person responds to a set of statements that range from "I hardly expect things to go my way" to "In uncertain times, I usually expect the best". Positive responses are associated with generalized success and negative responses are related to depression and helplessness.
[J] In a review of the field, Carver and Scheier have further expanded their initial findings to show that increased optimism, after controlling for other factors, also leads to improved career success, strengthens friendships and marriages, protects against loneliness later in life, lowers the risk of heart disease and mortality(死亡率)in women, protects against strokes, helps to reduce the need for rehospitalization(重复住院)following surgery, and improves sleep quality in children. In all cases, optimism serves as a shield, allowing us to see the world in a light that is more helpful to our own mental and physical well-being.
[K] It all comes back, Daniel Gilbert says, to expectations. When we expect to do well, we push on. When we set our sights lower, we balk at signs of resistance. Depressive realists and cynics set themselves lower goals to begin with and then give up when they find that they are falling short. As everyone’s favorite pessimist, A. A. Milne’s Eeyore, tells Pooh, "We can’ t all, and some of us don’ t. That’ s all there is to it. " His expectations are so low that the effort doesn’ t seem worth it. The negative view is self-fulfilling: you set lower expectations, do less, achieve less, and experience a worse outcome, which in turn conforms to your initial negative views.
[L] Of course, unwarranted optimism, too, comes with a price. It’ s Tigger, the unrelenting(不屈不挠的)optimist, who finds himself eating thistles, stuck in trees, and otherwise caught in all manner of inopportune situations. When we’ re overconfident and think we’ re in control of situations when we’ re not, we may find ourselves overreaching and persisting in hopeless tasks. It’ s a fine balance. Set your goals too high, and the effects on health can be just as perilous(危险的,不利的). Aspire to an Olympic medal in figure skating when you can barely clear a double Axel, and you’ re doomed to disappointment.
[M] Still, it seems that, at least as far as the research goes, it’ s far healthier to think like Tigger than like Eeyore.
Carver and Scheier found that increased optimism can benefit our mental and physical health.
选项
答案
J
解析
题干大意:卡佛和希尔发现,高涨的乐观精神可以使我们的身心健康受益。根据题干中的关键词Carver and Scheier,increased optimism,benefit,将本题定位于[J]段。[J]段提到,卡佛和希尔进一步扩大了其最初的发现,发现乐观情绪可以加大事业上的成功,加固友谊和婚姻,避免生活中的孤独,降低妇女患心脏疾病的危险等,既对身体健康有益,也有益于心理健康。故答案为J。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/2xW7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
AmericansEugeneFama,LarsPeterHansenandRobertShillerwontheNobelPrizeforeconomicsonMondayfordevelopingmethodst
AmericansEugeneFama,LarsPeterHansenandRobertShillerwontheNobelPrizeforeconomicsonMondayfordevelopingmethodst
AmericansEugeneFama,LarsPeterHansenandRobertShillerwontheNobelPrizeforeconomicsonMondayfordevelopingmethodst
Ifyoudidn’tknowanybetter,youmightthinkthatStar,Snuppy,CCandANDiwerejustabunchofinterestingnames.You’donly
GetEnoughSleep—orElse!Agoodnight’ssleepismoreimportanttoyourhealththanyoumayrealize.[A]MeganJonesknews
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayonChineselearning.YouressayshouldincludewhypeopleneglectCh
A、Guessitsmeaning.B、Asksomebody.C、Refertoadictionary.D、Addittoyourwordlist.A
A、Itwillbetooexpensive.B、Itmaynotbeonconvenienttime.C、Itmaybetoocrowded.D、Whethershecanstillregister.C
A、Itwillbetooexpensive.B、Itmaynotbeonconvenienttime.C、Itmaybetoocrowded.D、Whethershecanstillregister.C
A、Blur,GorillazandNorm.B、Gorillaz,BlurandQueen.C、TheGood,TheBadandTheGorillaz.D、TheGood,TheBadandTheQueen.
随机试题
规范的股权结构的含义包括()。Ⅰ.有效的股东大会制度Ⅱ.流通股股权适度集中Ⅲ.降低股权集中度Ⅳ.股权的流通性
段页式存储管理方式中如何实现地址变换?
A.肝细胞广泛水样变性、点灶状坏死B.肝细胞广泛脂肪变性、点灶状坏死C.肝细胞碎片样坏死D.肝细胞亚大片状坏死E.肝细胞大片状坏死慢性肝炎的病变特点是
关于前巩膜炎的临床表现,下列描述不正确的是
检验病因假设的流行病学研究方法有
宗地的主要内容不包括()。
通过市场调研,获得某类房地产2002年至2006年的价格分别为3405元/m2、3565元/m2、3730元/m2、3905元/m2、4075元/m2,则采用平均增减量法预测该类房地产2008年的价格为()元/m2。
炮孔的孔排距较密时,导火索的外露部分不得超过()m,以防止导火索互相交错而产生起火现象。
下列项目中属于银行所有者权益的有()。
一名员工可以使用多台计算机,每台计算机可以由多名员工使用,则实体员工和实体计算机间的联系是()
最新回复
(
0
)