2. 考研
  3. Through the years, our view of what leadership is and who can exercise it has changed considerably. Leadership competencies hav

Through the years, our view of what leadership is and who can exercise it has changed considerably. Leadership competencies hav

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问题     Through the years,  our view of what leadership is and who can exercise it has changed considerably. Leadership competencies have remained constant, but our understanding of what it is, how it works, and the ways in which people learn to apply it has shifted. We do have the beginnings of a general theory of leadership, from history and social research and above all from the thoughts of reflective practitioners such as Moses, Julius Caesar, and James Madison, and in our own time from such disparate sources of wisdom as Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Mao Tse-tung, and Henry Kissinger, who have very little in common except that they have not only been there but tried with some fairness to speculate on paper about it.
    But tales and reflective observation are not enough except to convince us that leaders are physically strong and abnormally hard workers. Today we are a little closer to understanding how and who people lead, but it wasn’t easy getting there. Decades of academic analysis have given us more than 350 definitions of leadership. Literally thousands of empirical investigations of leaders have been conducted in the last seventy-five years alone,  but no clear understanding exists as to what distinguishes leaders from non-leaders,  and perhaps more important, what distinguishes effective leaders from ineffective leaders and effective organizations from ineffective organizations.
    Never have so many labored so long to say so little. Multiple interpretations of leadership exist, each providing a fragment of insight but each remaining an incomplete and wholly inadequate explanation. Most of these definitions don’t agree with each other, and many of them would seem quite remote to the leaders whose skills are being examined. Definitions reflect fashions, political tides and academic trends. They don’t always reflect reality and sometimes they just represent nonsense. It’s as if what Braque once said about art is also true of leadership: "The only thing that matters in art is the part that cannot be explained. "
    Many theories of leadership have come and gone. Some looked at the leader. Some looked at the situation. None has stood the test of time.  With such a track record, it is understandable why leadership research and theory have been so frustrating as to deserve the label "the La Brea Tar Pits" of organizational inquiry.  Located in Los Angeles, these asphalt pits house the remains of a long sequence of prehistoric animals that came to investigate but never left the area.
Several big names are mentioned in the first paragraph mainly to show their ______.
选项 A、different styles of leadership
B、effective exercise of leadership
C、contributions to the theory of leadership
D、wisdom in applying the theory of leadership
答案C
解析 第一段的第三句作者说：我们确实开始了对领导艺术的总体理论的研究，从历史和社会方面，最主要的是对伟大的领袖人物的思想进行研究，例如摩西(圣经中古代犹太人的领袖——编者注)、恺撒、詹姆斯·麦迪逊(美国历史上的第四任总统，美国的开国元勋之一，他对美国宪法和人权法的制定作出了重大贡献——编者注)，以及当代最杰出的智慧天才甘地、丘吉尔和基辛格。他们除了都曾经存在过，都用文章清楚地表达了自己的思想之外，别无共同之处。
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