首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research and the scientists’ contempt of utility was a long time dying. For a mille
The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research and the scientists’ contempt of utility was a long time dying. For a mille
admin
2013-01-29
42
问题
The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research and the scientists’ contempt of utility was a long time dying. For a millennium after Archimedes, this separation of mechanics from geometry inhibited fundamental technological progress and in some areas repressed it altogether. But there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the middle ages: the organization of society. The social system of fixed class relationships that prevailed through the Middle Ages (and in some areas much longer) itself hampered improvement. Under this system, the laboring masses, in exchange for the bare necessities of life, did all the productive work, while the privileged few--priests, nobles, and kings--concerned themselves only with ownership and maintenance of their own position. In the interest of their privileges they did achieve considerable progress in defense, in warmaking, in government, in trade, in the arts of leisure, and in the extraction of labor from their dependents, but they had no familiarity with the process of production. On the other hand, the laborers, who were familiar with manufacturing techniques, had no incentive to improve or increase production to the advantage of their masters. Thus, with one class possessing the requisite knowledge aid experience, but lacking incentive and leisure, and the other class lacking the knowledge and experience, there was no means by which technical progress could be achieved.
The whole ancient world was built upon this relationship--a relationship as sterile as it was inhuman. The availability of slaves nullified the need for more efficient machinery. In many of the commonplace fields of human endeavor, actual stagnation prevailed for thousands of years. Not all the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome could develop the windmill or contrive so simple an instrument as the wheelbarrow--products of the tenth and thirteenth centuries respectively.
For about twenty-five centuries, two-thirds of the power of the horse was lost because he wasn’t shod, and much of the strength of the ox was wasted because his harness wasn’t modified to fit his shoulders. For more than five thousand years, sailors were confined to rivers and coasts by a primitive steering mechanism which required remarkably little alteration (in the thirteenth century) to become a rudder.
With any ingenuity at all, the ancient plough could have been put on wheels and the ploughshare shaped to bite and turn the sod instead of merely scratching it but the ingenuity wasn’t forthcoming. And the villager of the Middle Ages, like the men who first had fire, had a smoke hole in the center of the straw and reed thatched roof of his one-room dwelling (which he shared with his animals), while the medieval charcoal burner (like his Stone Age ancestor) made himself a hut of small branches.
During the Middle Ages, productivity of labor ______.
选项
A、was a primary concern of society
B、was hampered by class relationships
C、began to improve over levels reached by the Greeks
D、was in a period of technical progress
答案
B
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/301O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Theoldcoupledecidedto______aboyandagirlthoughtheyhadthreechildrenoftheirown.
Researcherswhorefusetosharedatawithothersmay【51】otherstowithholdresultsfromthem,【52】astudybyhealth-policyanalys
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualor
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualor
ThoseareveryimportantpapersandI’djustassoon______here.
71.ItwasnotuntilmodernscholarshipuncoveredthesecretofreadingMiddleEnglishthatwecouldunderstandthatChaucer,far
Superstitionisadifficultquestion.WecannotquitesaythatsuperstitioninBritainisdead.Itshistoryisboth【76】longand
APolishproverbclaimsthatfish,totasteright,shouldswimthreetimes—inwater,inbutterandinwine.Theearlyeffortsof
Whentheletterfromhiswifearrived,he______thecontentscarefully.Becauseshehadn’tansweredhisquestion,hewasangry
Whentravelling,youareadvisedtotaketravellers’checks,whichprovideasecure______tocarryingyourmoneyincash.
随机试题
A.罗通定B.喷他佐辛C.吗啡D.可待因E.曲马多禁用于支气管哮喘的药物是
A.金银花B.西红花C.枳壳D.丁香E.肉桂主产于西班牙、希腊、法国等地的是()
下列税法要素中体现税负轻重的是( )。
中国公民甲在一家实行年薪制的企业中任职,并且担任该企业的董事,甲每月领取基本工资1800元,年度结束,根据经营业绩考核结果,全年取得效益工资40000元,又因担任董事职务而取得董事费收入20000元。根据以上资料回答下列问题:
某企业本期营业收入1000万元,营业成本800万元,管理费用为15万元,销售费用20万元,资产减值损失35万元,投资收益30万元,营业外收入10万元,营业外支出5万元,所得税费用30万元。假定不考虑其他因素,该企业本期营业利润为()万元。
破产宣告前成立的有财产担保的债权,债权人享有就该担保物优先受偿的权利,债权人的这种优先受偿权在破产法理论上称为()。
黑龙江省山地面积约占全省总面积的()。
材料一:赵州桥,隋朝石匠李春设计并参加建造,横跨浚河1400年,被梁思成称为“中国工程界一绝”,也堪为世界桥梁建造史上的经典之作。1400年前,交通运输工具没有现在发达,也没有计算机,但修筑的桥梁却沿用至今。新世纪修桥勘探、论证、测量、施工手段都是现代化、
操作系统是一种(1),作业管理和进程管理是操作系统的重要组成部分。进程管理可把进程的状态分成(2)三种。用户可以通过(3)建立和撤销进程。进程的调度实际上是确定(4)。在批处理系统中,作业管理可把作业流的状态分成(5)四种。
Theterme-commercereferstoallcommercialtransactionsconductedovertheInternet,includingtransactionsbyconsumersandb
最新回复
(
0
)