首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Cryptic Coloring Cryptic coloring is by far the commonest use of color in the struggle for existence. It is employed for the p
Cryptic Coloring Cryptic coloring is by far the commonest use of color in the struggle for existence. It is employed for the p
admin
2011-02-11
26
问题
Cryptic Coloring
Cryptic coloring is by far the commonest use of color in the struggle for existence. It is employed for the purpose of attack as well as of defense, and may be either general or special.
Ⅰ. General resemblance:
It’s especially common among the animal inhabiting some
uniformly colored expanse of (1), such as an ocean or a desert: 【1】______.
1)Animals are often (2)by their transparent 【2】______.
blue color or sandy appearance.
2)Equally diverse forms are defended by their sandy appearance.
Ⅱ. Special resemblance:
It’s far commoner than general, and usually met with:
1)on the diversified surface of the earth; 2)on the shores;
3)in (3)water; 4)on the surface of the ocean. 【3】______.
The (4)of coloring, shape, and attitude produces a more 【4】______.
or less exact resemblance to some one of (5)in the environment. 【5】______.
Ⅲ. The attempts have been made along two lines for the
(6)of these mast interesting and elaborate adaptations: 【6】______.
1)The first explans:
Effect is a result of the direct influence of the environment
upon (7), or by the inherited effects of efforts and 【7】______.
the (8)of parts. 【8】______.
2)The second believes:
(9)produced the result and afterwards maintained it 【9】______.
by the survival of the best concealed in each generation.
In the present state of science, the only possible hole
of an interpretation (10)the theory of natural selection. 【10】______.
【4】
Cryptic Coloring
Good morning, we are going to talk about cryptic coloring today.
Cryptic coloring is by far the commonest use of color in the struggle for existence. It is employed for the purpose of attack (aggressive resemblance or anticryptic coloring ) as well as of defense (protective resemblance or procryptic coloring ). The fact that the same method concealment, may be used both for attack and defense has been well explained by T. Belt who suggests as an illustration the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which is similarly raised to a maximum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of generations. Cryptic coloring is commonly associated with other aids in the struggle for life. Thus well-concealed mammals and birds, when discovered, will generally endeavor to escape by speed and will often attempt to defend themselves actively. On the other hand, small animals which have no means of active defense, such as large, numbers of insects, frequently depend upon concealment alone. Protective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence with the fact that predaceous forms are as a rule much larger and much less numerous than their prey. In the case of insectivorous Vertebrata and their prey such differences exist in an exaggerated form. Cryptic coloring, whether used for defense of attack, may be either general or special. In general resemblance the animal, in consequence of its coloring, produces the same effect as its environment, but the conditions do not require any special adaptation of shape and outline. General resemblance is especially common among the animal inhabiting some uniformly colored expanse of the earth’s surface, such as an ocean or a desert. In the former, animals of all shapes are frequently protected by their transparent blue color, on the latter, equally diverse forms are defended by their sandy appearance. The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling contrast. Thus the black and white stripes of the zebra blend together at a little distance, and "their proportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint which arid ground possesses when seen by moonlight." Special resemblance is far commoner than general and is the form which is usually met with on the diversified surface of the earth, on the shores, and in shallow water, as well as on the floating masses of algae on the surface of the ocean, such as the Sargasso Sea. In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular attitudes. Complete stillness and the assumption of a certain attitude play an essential part in general resemblance on land; but in special resemblance the attitude is often highly specialized, and perhaps more important than any other element in the complex method by which concealment is effected. In special resemblance the combination of coloring, shape, and attitude is such as to produce a more or less exact resemblance to some one of the objects in the environment, such as a leaf of twig, a patch of lichen, a flake of bark. In all cases the resemblance is to some object which is of no interest to the enemy or prey respectively. The animal is not hidden from view by becoming indistinguishable from its background as in the case of general resemblance, but it is mistaken for some well-know object.
In seeking the interpretation of these most interesting and elaborate adaptations, attempts have been made along two lines. The first seeks to explain the effect as a result of the direct influence of the environment upon the individual (G.L.L.Buffon), or by the inherited effects of efforts and the use and disuse of parts (J.B.P. Lamarck). The second believes that natural selection produced the result and afterwards maintained it by the survival of the best concealed in each generation. The former suggestion breaks down when the complex nature of numerous special resemblances is appreciated. Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriate pattern requires the cooperation of a suitable shape and the rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude. The latter is instinctive and thus depends on the central nervous system. The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the present state of science, the only possible hole of an interpretation lies in the theory of natural selection, which can accumulate any and every variation which tends toward survival. A few of the chief types of methods by which concealment is effected may be briefly described. The colors of large numbers of vertebrate animals are darkest on the back and become gradually lighter on the sides, passing into white on the belly. Abbot H. Thayer has suggested that this gradation obliterates the appearance of solidity, which is due to shadow. The color harmony, which is also essential to concealment, is produced because the back is of the same tint as the environment (e. g. earth), bathed in the cold blue-white of the sky, while the belly, being cold blue-white and bathed in shadow and yellow earth reflections produces the same effects. This method of neutralizing shadow for the purpose of concealment by increased lightness of tint was first suggested by E.B.Poulton in the case of a larva and a pupa, but he did not appreciate the great importance of the principle. In an analogous method an animal in front of a background of dark shadow may have part of its body obliterated by the existence of a dark tint, the remainder resembling, e.g., a part of a leaf. This method of rendering invisible any part which would interfere with the resemblance is well know in mimicry.
选项
答案
combination
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/32YO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
CharacteristicsofaBureaucracyPeopleusuallyholdnegativeopiniontowardsbureaucracy,butaccordingtoMaxWeber,burea
TheHistoryofAmericanIndiansWhenEuropeansdiscoveredthewesternhemisphere,theydiscoveredaraceofpeoplethatColu
AnewweaponisonthewayinthefightagainstsmokinginEurope.Soonwhensmokersbuycigarettestheymightseeashockingph
InrecentyearsAmericansocietyhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonitsuniversitiestofindsolutionstoitsmajorproblems.
DuringthereignofAugustustheRomearmybecameaprofessionalone.ItscoreoflegionaireswascomposedofRomancitizenswho
ManyAdecadeago,atatimewhenplaceslikeIvoryCoastandEquatorialGuineawerebeinglargelyignoredbythepetroleumworl
Artcanbemadeofalmostanything,includingsubstances【M1】______thathavenotbeenproducedandusedin
Conversationalistswill,asarule,berelaxedandnotworrying【1】______abouttheimpressiontheyarecreating—unlikethelec
Conversationalistswill,asarule,berelaxedandnotworrying【1】______abouttheimpressiontheyarecreating—unlikethelec
LanguageFamiliesThereareover【1】languagesthatareusedthroughouttheworldtoday.Almostalloftheselanguagesbelongt
随机试题
Thenumberofpeopleinvited______fifty,butanumberofthem______absentfordifferentreasons.
患儿8个月,于10月份住院,发热3天,呕吐、腹泻2天入院,大便每日20余次,水样便,无腥臭味,尿少。查体:P130次/分,精神萎靡,皮肤弹性差,前囟、眼窝凹陷,唇干,心肺(-),大便镜检:WBC0~1个/HP,脂肪滴(+),血电解质正常。患儿脱水
A.氢氧化镁B.西咪替丁C.奥美拉唑D.铝碳酸镁E.氢氧化铝可以直接中和胃酸,基本上抵消便秘和腹泻的抗酸药是()。
张某因伤害罪被判处有期徒刑3年缓期3年执行,在缓刑执行期间其欲出境旅游。下列命题正确的是()。
处理来信的基本程序有()。
现代的脑成像技术中具有无创性优点,对人体基本无害的有
作为商品的移动电话,其价值的物质承担者是
【B1】【B7】
A、 B、 C、 A
Herfinding,publishedinNaturein1964,thatchimpanzeesusetools—extractinginsectsfromatermitemoundwithleavesofgras
最新回复
(
0
)