首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Differences Between Cultures in Non-verbal Communications I. Cultural influence on nonverbal behaviour — Low-context cultures th
Differences Between Cultures in Non-verbal Communications I. Cultural influence on nonverbal behaviour — Low-context cultures th
admin
2017-12-07
75
问题
Differences Between Cultures in Non-verbal Communications
I. Cultural influence on nonverbal behaviour
— Low-context cultures think【T1】_____ is more important【T1】______
— High-context cultures think【T2】_____【T2】______
II.【T3】_____【T3】______
— America: women show fear, not anger; men show anger, not fear
— China & Japan:【T4】_____ are unacceptable to show overtly【T4】______
— A smile of a Japanese person does not necessarily mean
【T5】_____【T5】______
— To understand the cultural【T6】_____ and values【T6】______
will help interpret expressed emotions
III. Facial expression
— Commonalities
a)【T7】_____ expressions: a lack of control【T7】______
b)Too much smiling:【T8】_____【T8】______
— Differences:
a)Asian cultures:【T9】_____ facial expression【T9】______
b)Mediterranean cultures:【T10】_____ grief or sadness【T10】______
c)American culture: men hide grief or sorrow
IV. Proxemics
— North Americans prefer【T11】_____ personal spaces than Europeans【T11】______
— People who prefer closer spaces might see the attempt
to create more space as cold, condescending or【T12】_____【T12】______
— Americans and Canadians feel【T13】_____【T13】______
to rearrange furniture for a meeting
— Germans don’t agree with that
V. 【T14】______【T14】______
— America: take standing in lines seriously
— French:【T15】_____【T15】______
— Armenia one member of a family saves spots in a line for several others
【T8】
Differences Between Cultures in Non-verbal Communications
Good morning everyone. Today, we are going to continue our discussion about the non-verbal communication across cultures. Nonverbal communication is hugely important in any interaction with others; its importance is multiplied across cultures. This is because we tend to look for nonverbal cues when verbal messages are unclear or ambiguous, as they are more likely to be across cultures, especially when different languages are being used. Since nonverbal behavior arises from our cultural common sense—our ideas of what is appropriate, normal, and effective as communication in relationships—we use different systems of understanding gestures, posture, silence, spacial relations, emotional expression, touch, physical appearance, and other nonverbal cues. Cultures also attribute different degrees of importance to verbal and nonverbal behavior.[1]Low-context cultures like the United States and Canada tend to give relatively less emphasis to nonverbal communication. This does not mean that nonverbal communication does not happen, or that it is unimportant,[1]but that people in these settings tend to place less importance on it than on the literal meanings of words of themselves.[2]In high-context settings such as Japan or Colombia, understanding the nonverbal components of communication is relatively more important to receiving the intended meaning of the communication as a whole.
Some elements of nonverbal communication are consistent across cultures. For example, research has shown that the emotions of enjoyment, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise are expressed in similar ways by people around the world. Today, I will mainly focus on the differences and introduce the variables of non-verbal differences across cultures.
[3]The first difference surfaces with respect to which emotions are acceptable to display in various cultural settings, and by whom. For instance, it may be more social acceptable in some settings in the United States for women to show fear, but not anger, and for men to display anger, but not fear. At the same time, interpretation of facial expressions across cultures is difficult.[4]In China and Japan, for example, a facial expression that would be recognized around the world as conveying happiness may actually express anger or mask sadness, both of which are unacceptable to show overtly. These differences of interpretation may lead to conflict, or escalate existing conflict.[5]Suppose a Japanese person is explaining her absence from negotiations due to a death in her family. She may do so with a smile, based on her cultural belief that it is not appropriate to inflict the pain of grief on others.[5]For a Westerner who understands smiles to mean friendliness and happiness, this smile may seem incongruous and even cold, under the circumstances. Even though some facial expressions may be similar across cultures, their interpretations remain culture-specific.[6]It is important to understand something about cultural starting-points and values in order to interpret emotions expressed in cross-cultural interactions.
Since we have touched upon the relation between emotion and facial expressions, let me now talk a little bit about facial expressions. While some say that facial expressions are identical, meaning attached to them differs. Majority opinion is that these do have similar meanings world-wide with respect to smiling, crying, or showing anger, sorrow, or disgust[7]/[8]For example, some see "animated" expressions as a sign of a lack of control and too much smiling is viewed as a sign of shallowness. Despite these resemblances across cultures, facial expressions do vary from culture to culture. For instance,[9]many Asian cultures suppress facial expression as much as possible.[10]Many Mediterranean cultures exaggerate grief or sadness while most American men hide grief or sorrow.
The second variable across cultures has to do with proxemics, or ways of relating to space. Crossing cultures, we encounter very different ideas about polite space for conversations and negotiations.[11]North Americans tend to prefer a large amount of space, perhaps because they are surrounded by it in their homes and countryside. Europeans tend to stand more closely with each other when talking, and are accustomed to smaller personal spaces. In a comparison of North American and French children on a beach, a researcher noticed that the French children tended to stay in a relatively small space near their parents, while U.S. children ranged up and down a large area of the beach. The difficulty with space preferences is not that they exist, but the judgments that get attached to them.[12]If someone is accustomed to standing or sitting very close when they are talking with another, they may see the other’s attempt to create more space as evidence of coldness, condescension, or a lack of interest. Those who are accustomed to more personal space may view attempts to get closer as pushy, disrespectful, or aggressive. Neither is correct—they are simply different. Also related to space is the degree of comfort we feel moving furniture or other objects. It is said that a German executive working in the United States became so upset with visitors to his office moving the guest chair to suit themselves that he had it bolted to the floor.[13]Contrast this with U.S. and Canadian mediators and conflict-resolution trainers, whose first step in preparing for a meeting is not infrequently a complete rearrangement of the furniture.
[14]Finally, line-waiting behavior and behavior in group settings like grocery stores or government offices is culturally-influenced. Novinger reports that the English and U.S. Americans are serious about standing in lines, in accordance with their beliefs in democracy and the principle of "first come, first served."[15]The French, on the other hand, have a practice of resquillage, or line jumping, that irritates many British and U.S. Americans. In another example, immigrants from Armenia report that it is difficult to adjust to a system of waiting in line, when their home context permitted one member of a family to save spots for several others.
In closing, I would like to say that these examples of differences related to nonverbal communication are only the tip of the iceberg. Careful observation, ongoing study from a variety of sources, and cultivating relationships across cultures will all help develop the cultural fluency to work effectively with nonverbal communication differences.
选项
答案
shallowness
解析
本题与上一题属于并列关系,讲座中提到笑得太多是肤浅的象征。因此答案为shallowness。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/38sK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Todaywomenearnalmost60percentofallbachelor’sdegreesandmorethanhalfofmaster’sandPh.D.’s.Manypeoplebelieveth
Peoplelearnlanguagesallthetime,andforallkindsofreasons.Forexample,youprobablyhavevariousreasonstostudy【M1】__
Peoplelearnlanguagesallthetime,andforallkindsofreasons.Forexample,youprobablyhavevariousreasonstostudy【M1】__
Secondlanguageacquisitiontheoryseekstoquantifyhowandbywhatprocessesindividualsacquireasecondlanguage.Thepredom
TheNationalEcologicalObservatoryNetwork,fundedbyCongressfor$434million,willequip106U.S.siteswithsensorstogat
There’saschooloflinguisticsthatbelieveslanguagelearningbeginswitha"silentperiod".Justasbabieslearntoproduce
PASSAGETHREEWhydoesachimpstepintostopafightbetweentwoothers?
Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandgenderhaslongbeenofinterestwithinsociolinguisticsandrelateddisciplines.Early2
Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandgenderhaslongbeenofinterestwithinsociolinguisticsandrelateddisciplines.Early2
随机试题
维持市场平稳健康发展,防止股市泡沫,是政府宏观调控的主要任务之一。当股市增长过快时,政府可采取的调节措施是()。①降低银行存贷款利率②降低利息税③上调股票交易印花税④扩大基金发行规模
下列哪些合同既是有偿合同又是要式合同()。
在击实功一定的条件下,随着土工粗粒料含量的增多,土的最佳含水量变化()和最大干密度的变化()。
配送七要素是指:__________、__________、__________、__________、__________、__________和__________。
巴甫洛夫划分高级神经活动类型是根据神经过程的基本特性进行的.这些基本特征包括()。
2014年3月以来,西安、吉林、宜昌等地相继曝出有幼儿园在未告知家长的情况下,为了(),违规给幼儿集体喂服“病毒灵”,引起了大面积幼儿不同程度的腹痛、腿疼、皮肤起疹瘙痒、心肌受损等病症。(济宁高新)
对于一个头指针为head的带头结点的单链表,判定该表为空表的条件是()。
厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜是热带海洋和大气相互作用的产物。拉尼娜的到来将对全球气候产生重大影响。美国沿海遭受飓风袭击的可能性会上升,澳大利亚东部可能发生洪水,南美洲和非洲东部地区可能出现干旱,东亚将出现猛烈的季风雨,英国气温将会下降,大西洋西岸可能提前出现暴雨和大雪
考生文件夹下存在一个数据库文件“sampl.accdb”,里面已经设计好表对象“tStud”。请按照以下要求,完成对表的修改:设置“简历”字段的设计说明为“自上大学起的简历信息”。
BeingObjectiveonClimateChange[A]Lastweek,CraigRucker,aclimate-changeskepticandtheexecutivedirectorofanonprofit
最新回复
(
0
)