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  3. In a world as fast-changing and full of information as our own, all of us need to know how to learn well. Yet evidence suggests

In a world as fast-changing and full of information as our own, all of us need to know how to learn well. Yet evidence suggests

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问题         In a world as fast-changing and full of information as our own, all of us need to know how to learn well. Yet evidence suggests that most of us don’t use the learning techniques that science has proved the most effective.
        The scientific literature evaluating these techniques goes back to decades ago and across thousands of articles. It’ s far too extensive and complex for the average parent, teacher or employer to look through. Fortunately, a team of five leading psychologists have done the job for us.
        Professor John Dunlosky and other psychologists closely examined 10 learning strategies and rated each from high to low utility on the basis of the evidence they’ve gathered. Here’s part of their conclusions:
        In contrast to familiar practices, the effective learning strategies with the most evidence to support them aren’t well known outside the lab. Take distributed practice for example. This strategy involves spreading out your study time, rather than engaging in one marathon. Cramming information at the last minute may allow you to get through that test or meeting, but the materials will quickly disappear from your memory. It’s much more effective to look through the materials at intervals over time. And the longer you want to remember the information, whether it’ s two weeks or two years, the longer the interval should be.
        The second learning strategy that is highly recommended by Dunlosky is practice testing. Yes, more tests—but not for a grade. Research shows that the mere act of calling information to mind strengthens that knowledge and aids in future retrieval (检索). While practice testing is not a common strategy—despite the strong evidence supporting it—there is one familiar approach that captures its benefits: using flash cards. And now flash cards can be presented in digital form. Both distributed practice and practice testing were rated as having "high utility" by Dunlosky.
How did the psychologists study and rate the learning strategies?
选项 A、By analyzing the materials gathered in the past years.
B、By asking some students questions about their study.
C、By doing some experiments on the objects in the lab.
D、By asking parents and teachers to look through the articles.
答案A
解析 根据第二段第一句“The scientific literature evaluating these techniques goes back to decades ago and across thousands of articles.”和第三段第一句“…on the basis of the evidence they’ve gathered.”可知，心理学家是通过他们收集到的资料对这些学习策略进行研究和评估的，为此他们追溯到了几十年前并查阅了数千篇文章。故选A。
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