首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Trying too Hard Can Slow New Language Development A)Neuroscientists have long observed that learning a language presents a diffe
Trying too Hard Can Slow New Language Development A)Neuroscientists have long observed that learning a language presents a diffe
admin
2015-01-31
30
问题
Trying too Hard Can Slow New Language Development
A)Neuroscientists have long observed that learning a language presents a different set of opportunities and challenges for adults and children.
B)Adults easily grasp the vocabulary needed to navigate a grocery store or order food in a restaurant, but children have an innate ability to pick up on subtle nuances of language that often elude adults. For example, within months of living in a foreign country, a young child may speak a second language like a native speaker.
C)Experts believe that brain structure plays an important role in this "sensitive period" for learning language, which is believed to end around adolescence. The young brain is equipped with neural circuits that can analyze sounds and build a coherent set of rules for constructing words and sentences out of those sounds. Once these language structures are established, it’ s difficult to build another one for a new language.
D)In a new study, a team of neuroscientists and psychologists from Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)discovered another factor that contributes to adults’ language difficulties: When learning certain elements of language, adults’ more highly developed cognitive skills actually get in the way.
E)The researchers discovered that the harder adults tried to learn an artificial language, the worse they were at deciphering the language’ s morphology—the structure and deployment of linguistic units such as root words, suffixes, and prefixes.
F)"We found that effort helps you in most situations, for things like figuring out what the units of language that you need to know are, and basic ordering of elements. But when trying to learn morphology, at least in this artificial language we created, it’ s actually worse when you try," said Amy Flynn a postdoc at MIT’s McGovern Institute for Brain Research.
G)Finn and colleagues from the University of California at Santa Barbara, Stanford University, and the University of British Columbia describe their findings in journal PLOS ONE.
H)Linguists have known for decades that children are skilled at absorbing certain tricky elements of language, such as irregular past participles(examples of which, in English, include "gone" and "been")or complicated verb tenses like the subjunctive. "Children will ultimately perform better than adults in terms of their command of the grammar and the structural components of language—some of the more idiosyncratic, difficult-to-articulate aspects of language that even most native speakers don’ t have conscious awareness of," Finn says.
I)In 1990, linguist Elissa Newport hypothesized that adults have trouble learning those nuances because they try to analyze too much information at once. Adults have a much more highly developed prefrontal cortex than children, and they tend to throw all of that brainpower at learning a second language.
J)This high-powered processing may actually interfere with certain elements of learning language. "It’ s an idea that’ s been around for a long time, but there hasn’ t been any data that experimentally show that it’s true," Finn says. Finn and her colleagues designed an experiment to test whether exerting more effort would help or hinder success.
The study
K)First, they created nine nonsense words, each with two syllables. Each word fell into one of three categories(A, B, and C), defined by the order of consonant and vowel sounds. Study subjects listened to the artificial language for about 10 minutes. One group of subjects was told not to overanalyze what they heard, but not to tune it out either.
L)To help them not overthink the language, they were given the option of completing a puzzle or colouring while they listened. The other group was told to try to identify the words they were hearing. Each group heard the same recording, which was a series of three-word sequences—first a word from category A, then one from category B, then category C—with no pauses between words.
M)Previous studies have shown that adults, babies, and even monkeys can parse this kind of information into word units, a task known as word segmentation. Subjects from both groups were successful at word segmentation, although the group that tried harder performed a little better. Both groups also performed well in a task called word ordering, which required subjects to choose between a correct word sequence(ABC)and an incorrect sequence(such as ACB)of words they had previously heard.
N)The final test measured skill in identifying the language’s morphology. The researchers played a three-word sequence that included a word the subjects had not heard before, but which fit into one of the three categories.
O)When asked to judge whether this new word was in the correct location, the subjects who had been asked to pay closer attention to the original word stream performed much worse than those who had listened more passively. The findings support a theory of language acquisition that suggests that some parts of language are learned through procedural memory, while others are learned through declarative memory.
P)Under this theory, declarative memory, which stores knowledge and facts, would be more useful for learning vocabulary and certain rules of grammar. Procedural memory, which guides tasks we perform without conscious awareness of how we learned them, would be more useful for learning subtle rules related to language morphology.
Q)"It’s likely to be the procedural memory system that’s really important for learning these difficult morphological aspects of language. In fact, when you use the declarative memory system, it doesn’t help you, it harms you," Finn says. Still unresolved is the question of whether adults can overcome this language-learning obstacle. Finn says she does not have a good answer yet but she is now testing the effects of "turning off" the adult prefrontal cortex using a technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation.
R)Other interventions she plans to study include distracting the prefrontal cortex by forcing it to perform other tasks while language is heard, and treating subjects with drugs that impair activity in that brain region.
The test which aimed to evaluate skill in identifying the language’ s morphology included a word the subjects had not heard before.
选项
答案
N
解析
本题意为辨别语言形态方面技能的测试里包括没有听过的词序。题干的skill in identifying the language’s morphology为关键词,定位到N段The final testmeasured skill in identifying the language’s morphology.The researchers played athree—word sequence that included a word the subjects had not heard before,but whichfit into one of the three categories.最终测试考量他们在辨别语言形态方面的技能。研究人员播放一连串三词组,其中包括他们没有听过的词序,但也符合分类要求。”
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/3Qh7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Economicgrowthreliesonthreegroupsofpeople.Itreliesonpeoplewhomakegoodsor(36)______services.Itreliesonpeoplew
Manypeoplebecomequietandtensewhentheyfirstmeetsomeonetheydonotknow,orwhentheyfaceanewsituation.Theybecome
Ahappymarriageapparentlyisgoodmedicine,buthostilespousesmaybeharmfultooneanother’shealth.Couplesin【B1】______m
Howmenfirstlearnttoinventwordsisunknown;inotherwords,theoriginoflanguageisamystery.Allwereallyknowisthat
A、Theybecamemorepopular.B、Theyweremoreregulated.C、Theybecamebetterproduced.D、Theybecamelesshonest.B文章提到,两个法令的出台为
A、Itispopularamongpeopleofallages.B、IthasalreadybeenoneofthebestsellersinJapan.C、Itsreadersarebeyondhise
A、Itispopularintheacademiccircle.B、ItisnotacceptableintheUnitedStates.C、ItjustbeginsinJapan.D、Itjustbegins
Thepopulardietarysupplementginsengissaidtoimproveone’smoodandall-aroundvigor,butanewstudypublishedintheJour
Widespreadadoptionofplug-inelectricvehiclescoulddramaticallycutgreenhousegaspollutionandreduceU.S.dependenceonf
WirelessChargingMayTakePlaceofWiredChargingA)Lastmonth,itwasrevealedthatToyotahadplanstoreleaseaplug-inelec
随机试题
在螺旋板式换热器中,流体只能做严格的逆流流动。()
简述企业财务管理的原则。
下列关于蛛网膜下腔出血的描述,不正确的是
患者,男性,85岁,结核病患者,伴全心衰竭。为其进行特殊口腔护理时发现口腔内有绿脓杆菌感染,护士应选择的漱口液是
王某为表现自己,就将造纸厂内一堆原料点燃后再去救火。但火势蔓延无法控制,后虽然王某和众人奋力扑救,但仍造成损失10万元,王某也被烧伤。王某的行为是( )。
在供暖工程施工中,散热器支管的坡度为()。
国际收支是国民经济总体指标之一,它反映一国与他国之间商品、劳务等全部交易状况。()
在我国的各种政治力量当中,民主党派也可实现对公安工作的领导。()
肉、禽、蛋等主要副食品与米、面等粮食价格的每次上涨,都会引起社会的广泛关注。客观看,有些价格上涨是合理的,有些上涨是不合理的。对此,政府和城镇居民要理性分析,尤其要善于倾听广大农民的心声,然后予以协调和平衡,使其价格趋于合理。在当今我国城乡二元体制没有打破
A、 B、 C、 D、 C本题考查动词搭配。在一个人做出的一系列动作中,一般时态要保持一致。这里前两个动作是一般过去式,而第三个动作变成了现在分词形式,明显是不对的。因此选C,改为disappeared。
最新回复
(
0
)