首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin When Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was ten years old, she watched her first crystals form on a string da
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin When Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was ten years old, she watched her first crystals form on a string da
admin
2013-04-25
29
问题
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
When Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was ten years old, she watched her first crystals form on a string dangling in a glass of salt water. Many children before and since have done the same, but in Hodgkin’s case, the sparkling geometric shapes
kindled
a fascination that would lead her to world fame. In 1964, nearly half a century later, Hodgkin received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the structures of penicillin and vitamin B12 from photographic images of their crystals. She made the images with a technique called x-ray crystallography, which involves firing x-rays through a crystal to determine the arrangement of the atoms in it. It is a bit like determining the shape of a jungle gym from its shadow.
Born in 1910, Hodgkin spent the first few years of her life in Cairo, where her father was an official in the British colonial government. Most of her education had been at home, but once back at school in England, her keen interest in crystals won the attention of her schoolteacher. Hodgkin and a friend got special permission to join the boys studying chemistry. By age 12, she was doing chemistry experiments on rocks she found in her garden to see what they contained. That summer, while visiting her father in Khartoum, Sudan, she met Dr. A. E. Joseph, a friend of her father’s and a well-known soil chemist. Joseph took her on a tour of his laboratory. Pleased by her intense interest, he put together a small chemistry set for her, which she took back to England and set up in her mother’s attic. It was her first laboratory.
Hodgkin enrolled at Oxford University, where she eventually specialized in x-ray crystallography. At the time, the analysis of the structures of even the simplest chemicals by x-ray crystallography required at least 30 sets of calculations, all done by hand. The work
demanded
perseverance and diligence, and a good head for math. Under these conditions, Hodgkin flourished. Seeking a greater challenge after college, Hodgkin went to Cambridge to study with a young crystallographer named J.D. Bernal. Together they solved some of the most complex chemical structures ever attempted, including
those
of several vitamins and sex hormones. They took the first x-ray photographs of a protein—the stomach enzyme pepsin—showing that proteins form regular crystals. In 1937, Hodgkin received her doctorate. Within a few months, she also married historian Thomas Hodgkin, taking his name. The Hodgkins were a two-career family, working in different towns and
commuting
on alternate weekends to see each other. Dorothy Hodgkin remained at Oxford, where she continued her research, taught university classes, and raised three children. When the demand for penicillin soared during World War Ⅱ, chemists all over the world raced to determine its structure. Experimental chemists used chemical reactions. Structural chemists, such as Hodgkin, used crystallography. Despite daunting calculations, Hodgkin and her students at Oxford completed the structure in 1949, beating the experimental chemists and establishing x-ray crystallography as an indispensable tool in biochemistry. Even as Hodgkin was finishing her analysis of penicillin, however, she had already begun a study of B12, widely used to treat pernicious anemia. In 1957, she published the structure of this 180-atom molecule. (A) [■] When she was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1964, she told a group of students at the ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, that she hoped her position as the only woman to receive the prize that year "will not be so very uncommon in the future, as more and more women carry out research in the same way as men".
(B) [■] But what was perhaps Hodgkin’s greatest success came after the Nobel Prize, when she tackled the biggest molecule of her career. Insulin, a protein that regulates the body’s sugar storage, contains over 1000 atoms.
(C) [■] A deficiency in or insensitivity to insulin causes diabetes, a complex disease that causes suffering in several hundred million people worldwide. Hodgkin solved the structure of insulin in only five years.
(D) [■] Her achievement proved that proteins have regular shapes, and it spawned research that ultimately led to effective treatments for diabetes.
All of the following are mentioned as the key factors which contribute to her success in her career EXCEPT______.
选项
A、analytic ability
B、mathematical capacity
C、endurance
D、diligence
答案
A
解析
本题为正误判断题,考查的是考生根据文章中阐明的信息,判断什么信息是正确的,什么信息是错误的或文章中没有提到的。题目问:下列哪一项不是Hodgkin事业成功的关键因素?根据文章第五段的最后两句话“The work demanded perseverance and diligence, and a good head for math. Under these conditions, Hodgkin flourished(这种工作需要毅力和勤奋,还需要有好的数学头脑。在这种条件下,Hodgkin的事业如日中天)”。这些条件指毅力(选项C)、勤奋(选项D)和数学能力(选项B),只有A(分析能力)没有被提到,所以选A。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/3ZyO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Questions28-30DecidewhichTHREEofthefollowingstatementsaretrue,accordingtothespeakers,andwritetheappropriatele
Awetlandisanareawherethesoilistypicallywater-logged.Plantsandanimalslivingtheredependonthewenessfortheir
Completethelecturenotes.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.PurposeoftheminilectureToexperience【T32】______
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.Otherrequirementsfortheprojectextractchosen
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOcharacteristicsapplytothebamboooven?AIt’ssuitableforwindyweather.BThefireisli
Writethecorrectletter,A-F,nexttoquestions21-26.AVideoResourceCentreBReadingRoomCFoodServiceCentreDPeriodic
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswerENVIRONMENTALCHANGEDISCUSSIONInSouthe
ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,A-H,nexttoQuestions15-20.AvarietiesofdesertBedibleplant
"PhilosophyClass"WhydoestheprofessormentionthedrawingbyLeonardodaVinci?
AmericanThanksgivingsAccordingtotradition,thefirstAmericanThanksgivingwascelebratedin1621bytheEn
随机试题
A.出血速度快,呕血或便血B.出血速度较慢,粪便隐血试验阳性便血C.出血伴腹痛,高热便血D.少量便鲜血便血E.大量便鲜血食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血的特点是
动物体内ATP最主要的来源是
早产儿,生后3天,食欲差,哭声低,测体温34.5℃,下肢出现硬肿,皮肤发凉,心音低钝,心率100次/分;其可能的诊断为
关于各类统计调查方式的说法,正确的有()。
材料:下面是初中地理“海陆的变迁”一课新授环节部分。[提出例证,质疑探究]教师展示图片资料。1.学生小组合作,根据现象推断变化并简要解释。2.学生交流汇报,体会海陆是不断变迁的。教师附以课件简图,师生总结引
阅读以下文字,回答下列问题。人是生物,要想健康地活着,必须保持体内的菌态平衡。人出生后,各种细菌便相继光顾到人体内,成为人体的终身伴侣。人体自身的细胞有百万亿个,而携带的微生物细胞是人体细胞的10倍。不要认为外来的生物是“异己”,它们也
社会性发展
Theword"hound"originallymeant"dog",butnowitmeans"aspecialkindofdog".Thisisanexampleof
A、Itmakesourlifemoreinteresting.B、Itenablesustoacquirefirst-handknowledge.C、Ithelpsdevelopourpersonalities.D、I
A、Ifhecanhelpherfilloutajobapplication.B、Ifhecanintroducehertothecampcounselor.C、Ifheknowsofanyjobopeni
最新回复
(
0
)