首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
How Much Higher? How Much Faster? A)Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation b
How Much Higher? How Much Faster? A)Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation b
admin
2015-01-31
46
问题
How Much Higher? How Much Faster?
A)Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.
B)For the so-called power events—that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump-times and distances have improved ten to twenty percent. In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic. At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the U.S. team ran to marathon in a time of 2:55:18. In 1999, Morocco’s Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42, almost thirty percent faster.
C)No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics. "The athlete must choose his parents carefully," says Jesus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana University, invoking an oft-cited adage.
D)Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in athletics-and greater rewards to tempt athletes-it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early. "Was there someone like[sprinter]Michael Johnson in the 1920s?" Dapena asks. "I’m sure there was, but his talent was probably never realized."
E)Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton, maintains that "genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than we’ve been going." Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are "running on their genetics".
F)By applying more scientific methods, "they’re going to go much faster". These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.
G)Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power—the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. When a sprinter runs, Yesis explains, her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second, half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to pushing off. Plyometric exercises help athletes make the best use of this brief interval.
H)Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. "Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements," Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.
I)Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. "If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country," Yessis asserts, "they would be breaking records left and right." He will not predict by how much, however: "Exactly what the limits are it’s hard to say, but there will be increases even if only by hundredths of a second, as long as our training continues to improve."
J)One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newton’ s law to these motions, "we can say that this athlete’ s run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off," says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers. To date, however, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance.
K)Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves. For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations.
L)Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic equipment. In Fosbury’s case, it was the cushions that jumpers land on. Traditionally, high jumpers would land in pits filled with sawdust. But by Fosbury’s time, sawdust pits had been replaced by soft foam cushions, ideal for flopping.
M)In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human body. "Once you study athletics, you learn that it’s a vexingly complex issue," says John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. "Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher, faster, longer. So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is fundamental. We’re got a long way to go." For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be broken.
Athlete himself created new ways like Fosbury flop, which directly made Fosbury win a gold metal.
选项
答案
K
解析
题干意为,运动员自己创造新方法.例如F式落法,这直接让Fosbury赢得金牌。根据关键词“Fosbury flop”定位于K段第一、二句.革命性的观点来自运动员自身,且后句引用Fosbury后背翻越的方法作为例子来证明。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/43h7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Manyprivateinstitutionsofhighereducationaroundthecountryareindanger.Notallwillbesaved,andperhapsnotall【B1】__
Manyprivateinstitutionsofhighereducationaroundthecountryareindanger.Notallwillbesaved,andperhapsnotall【B1】__
Manyprivateinstitutionsofhighereducationaroundthecountryareindanger.Notallwillbesaved,andperhapsnotall【B1】__
Manyprivateinstitutionsofhighereducationaroundthecountryareindanger.Notallwillbesaved,andperhapsnotall【B1】__
A、Everyonewouldbuildashipmodeltocelebratetheday.B、Everyonewasaskedtowearclothesofthelastcenturyonthatday.
A、Self-confidence,hardwork,highereducationandapoorfamily.B、Mom’sencouragement,cleargoals,self-confidenceandhardw
Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,"Beaut
Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,"Beaut
随机试题
流动压力高于饱和压力时,井底的原油不会脱气,气油比低,产量低。()
旨在弄清一种因素产生的原因及其作用大小,回答“为什么”、“如何”的问题的国际营销调研属于()
A.以激素调节为主B.以神经调节为主C.以代谢产物调节为主D.受下丘脑和靶腺激素的双重调节胰岛素分泌的调节
急性胰腺炎的首发症状是
心动周期中,左心室内压急剧升高是在
入海河流的A处,其下游河段的水流受潮水作用发生周期性的顺、逆流向变化,其上游河段受潮水作用,仅有水位周期性的升降变化。A点称为该河流的()。
A公司是一家制造企业,拟添置一条生产线,有关资料如下:(1)如果自行购置该生产线,预计购置成本500万元,税法折旧年限为7年,预计7年后的净残值为10万元。预计该设备5年后的变现价值为80万元。设备维护费(保险、保养、修理等)预计每年20万元,假设发生在
认为学习迁移应注重注意、记忆、推理、思维、判断等心理能力形式的训练而不是学习内容的迁移理论是()
ThePitmanShorthandSystemDistancelearningwascalled【D1】______coursesmorethan150yearsago.Pitmanbeganteaching
TheU.S.dollarwassupposedtobeattheendofitsrope.Kickingthebucket.Well,maybenot.Thedollarcontinuesto【C1】_____
最新回复
(
0
)