首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Trust Me, I’m a Robot [A]With robots now emerging from their industrial cages and moving into homes and workplaces, roboticists
Trust Me, I’m a Robot [A]With robots now emerging from their industrial cages and moving into homes and workplaces, roboticists
admin
2018-10-16
91
问题
Trust Me, I’m a Robot
[A]With robots now emerging from their industrial cages and moving into homes and workplaces, roboticists are concerned about the safely implications beyond the factory floor. To address these concerns, leading robot experts have come together to try to find ways to prevent robots from harming people. Inspired by the Pugwash Conferences—an international group of scientists, academics and activists founded in 1957 to campaign for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons—the new group of robo-ethicists met earlier this year in Genoa, Italy, and announced their initial findings in March at the European Robotics Symposium in Palermo, Sicily.
[B]"Security and safety are the big concerns," says Henrik Christensen, chairman of the European Robotics Network at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Should robots that are strong enough or heavy enough to crush people be allowed into homes? Is "system malfunction" a justifiable defence for a robotic fighter plane that contravenes(违反)the Geneva Convention and mistakenly fires on innocent civilians?
[C]"These questions may seem hard to understand but in the next few years they will become increasingly relevant," says Dr. Christensen. According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe’s World Robotics Survey, in 2002 the number of domestic and service robots more than tripled, nearly surpassing their industrial counterparts. By the end of 2003 there were more than 600,000 robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers—a figure predicted to rise to more than 4m by the end of next year. Japanese industrial firms are racing to build humanoid robots to act as domestic helpers for the elderly, and South Korea has set a goal that 100% of households should have domestic robots by 2020. In light of all this, it is crucial that we start to think about safety guidelines now, says Dr. Christensen Stop right there
[D]So what exactly is being done to protect us from these mechanical menaces? "Not enough," says Blay Whitby. This is hardly surprising given that the field of "safety-critical computing" is barely a decade old, he says. But things are changing, and researchers are increasingly taking an interest in trying to make robots safer. One approach, which sounds simple enough, is try to program them to avoid contact with people altogether. But this is much harder than it sounds. Getting a robot to navigate across a cluttered room is difficult enough without having to take into account what its various limbs or appendages might bump into along the way.
[E]"Regulating the behaviour of robots is going to become more difficult in the future, since they will increasingly have self-learning mechanisms built into them," says Gianmarco Veruggio. "As a result, their behaviour will become impossible to predict fully," he says, "since they will not be behaving in predefined ways but will learn new behaviour as they go."
[F]Then there is the question of unpredictable failures. What happens if a robot’s motors stop working, or it suffers a system failure just as it is performing heart surgery or handing you a cup of hot coffee? You can, of course, build in redundancy by adding backup systems, says Hirochika Inoue. But this guarantees nothing, he says. "One hundred per cent safety is impossible through technology," says Dr. Inoue. This is because ultimately no matter how thorough you are, you cannot anticipate the unpredictable nature of human behaviour, he says. Or to put it another way, no matter how sophisticated your robot is at avoiding people, people might not always manage to avoid it, and could end up tripping over it and falling down the stairs.
Legal problems
[G]In any case, says Dr. Inoue, the laws really just summarize commonsense principles that are already applied to the design of most modern appliances, both domestic and industrial. Every toaster, lawn mower and mobile phone is designed to minimize the risk of causing injury—yet people still manage to electrocute(电死)themselves, lose fingers or fall out of windows in an effort to get a better signal. At the very least, robots must meet the rigorous safety standards that cover existing products. The question is whether new, robot-specific rules are needed—and, if so, what they should say.
[H]"Making sure robots are safe will be critical," says Colin Angle of iRobot, which has sold over 2m "Roomba" household-vacuuming robots. But he argues that his firm’s robots are, in fact, much safer than some popular toys. "A radio-controlled car controlled by a six-year old is far more dangerous than a Roomba," he says. If you tread on a Roomba, it will not cause you to slip over: instead, a rubber pad on its base grips the floor and prevents it from moving. "Existing regulations will address much of the challenge," says Mr. Angle. "I’m not yet convinced that robots are sufficiently different that they deserve special treatment."
[I]Robot safety is likely to surface in the civil courts as a matter of product liability. "When the first robot carpet-sweeper sucks up a baby, who will be to blame?" asks John Hallam, a professor at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense. If a robot is autonomous and capable of learning, can its designer be held responsible for all its actions? Today the answer to these questions is generally "yes". But as robots grow in complexity it will become a lot less clear cut, he says.
[J]"Right now, no insurance company is prepared to insure robots," says Dr. Inoue. But that will have to change, he says. Last month, Japan’s Ministry of Trade and Industry announced a set of safety guidelines for home and office robots. They will be required to have sensors to help them avoid collisions with humans: to be made from soft and light materials to rninimize harm if a collision does occur: and to have an emergency shut-off button. This was largely prompted by a big robot exhibition held last summer, which made the authorities realize that there are safety implications when thousands of people are not just looking at robots, but mingling with them, says Dr. Inoue.
[K]However, the idea that general-purpose robots, capable of learning, will become widespread is wrong, suggests Mr. Angle. It is more likely, he believes, that robots will be relatively dumb machines designed for particular tasks. Rather than a humanoid robot maid, "it’s going to be a heterogeneous(不同种类的)swarm of robots that will take care of the house," he says.
A crew member from iRobot believes the existing regulations can cope with much challenges so robots are not so different as to be treated specially.
选项
答案
H
解析
根据题目中的iRobot、existing regulations和challenges定位至H段。最后两句提到,iRobot公司的科林·安格认为,现行的安全规则可以应付大部分情况,机器人没有不一样到需要特别对待。本题句子的cope with与原文address对应,be treated specially与deserve special treatment对应。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/4AH7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Inthe1920sAmericaenjoyedwhatwastobecomeknownas"anAgeofExcess".From1921-1929manufacturingoutputincreasedwith
Thehealth-careeconomyisfilledwithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.Oneoftheleastunderstoodinvolvesthe
Businesshasslowed,layoffsmount,butexecutivepaycontinuestoroar—atleastsofar.BusinessWeek’sannualsurveyfindstha
Businesshasslowed,layoffsmount,butexecutivepaycontinuestoroar—atleastsofar.BusinessWeek’sannualsurveyfindstha
A、Addingsomesciencecourses.B、Recruitingmoregoodteachers.C、Buildmorelabs.D、Buyingmoreteachingequipments.B推断题。根据文中提
NewDiscoveriesofPublicTransportA)AnewstudyconductedfortheWorldBankbyMurdochUniversity’sInstituteforScienceand
A、BooksonInternet.B、Booksonphysics.C、IndustrialRevolution.D、Booksonhistory.C细节题。根据男孩说的Iwantedtogetthesebookson
A、Youneedalotofmoneytostartthebusiness.B、Youngostrichesareveryindependent.C、Ostrichesarealwaysshutincages.D
Westerndoctorsarebeginningtounderstandwhattraditionalhealershavealwaysknown,thatthebodyandthemindareinseparab
Thenewyearalwaysbringswithitaculturaltraditionofnewpossibilities.Weseeitasachancefor【B1】______.Webegintod
随机试题
按审判管辖的规定,某基层法院受理了不属于自己管辖的案件后应当
简述读书指导法的含义及具体要求。
下列哪种食物的特殊动力作用最强
某核电站建设项目,环评文件已于2001年9月3日批准,但由于资金问题,拟在2008年3月开工建设,依照《环境影响评价法》的规定,建设单位应( )。
根据下列资料,回答下列问题:1999年9月,国务院发布《全国年节及纪念日放假办法》,决定增加公众法定休假日,“十一”黄金周就此诞生。据统计当年7天内全国出游人数达2800万人次,旅游综合收入141亿元。2016年“十一”黄金周,全国共接
阅读下列说明和图,回答问题1到问题3,将解答填入对应栏内。[说明]操作系统中,死锁(Deadlock)是指多个进程在运行的过程中因争夺资源而造成的一种僵局。当进程处于这种僵持状态时,若无外力作用,它们都将无法再向前推进。面对死锁
下列关于WindowsServer2003系统下WWW服务器配置的描述中,错误的是()。
A、王太太熟识的朋友B、心怀不轨的小偷C、汽车修理工人D、热心帮助别人的人B
A、Sheknowsnothingaboutthetenniscourts.B、Shedoesnothaveagoodsenseofdistance.C、Sheisalsoastrangertotheunive
Asregardssocialconventions,wemustsayawordaboutthewell-knownEnglishclasssystem.Thisisanembarrassingsubjectfor
最新回复
(
0
)