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  3. IT has become fashionable in many architectural circles to declare the death of drawing. What has happened to our profession, an

IT has become fashionable in many architectural circles to declare the death of drawing. What has happened to our profession, an

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问题     IT has become fashionable in many architectural circles to declare the death of drawing. What has happened to our profession, and our art, to cause the supposed end of our most powerful means of conceptualizing and representing architecture?
    The computer, of course.【R1】______For centuries, the noun "digit" has been defined as "finger," but now its adjectival form, "digital," relates to data. Are our hands becoming obsolete as creative tools? Are they being replaced by machines? And where does that leave the architectural creative process?
    Today architects typically use computer-aided design software with names like AutoCAD and Revit, a tool for "building information modeling. " Buildings are no longer just designed visually and spatially; they are "computed" via interconnected databases.
    I’ve been practicing architecture since 1964, and my office is not immune.【R2】______There’s nothing inherently problematic about that, as long as it’s not just that. Architecture cannot divorce itself from drawing, no matter how impressive the technology gets.
    【R3】______This last statement is absolutely crucial to the difference between those who draw to conceptualize architecture and those who use the computer.
    But can the value of drawings be simply that of a collector’s artifact or a pretty picture? No. I have a real purpose in making each drawing, either to remember something or to study something. Each one is part of a process and not an end in itself. I’m personally fascinated not just by what architects choose to draw but also by what they choose not to draw.
    For decades I have argued that architectural drawing can be divided into three types, which I call the "referential sketch," the "preparatory study" and the "definitive drawing. "【R4】______But what about the other two? What is their value in the creative process?
    The referential sketch serves as a visual diary, a record of an architect’s discovery. It can be as simple as a shorthand notation of a design concept or can describe details of a larger composition. It might not even be a drawing that relates to a building or any time in history. It’s not likely to represent "reality," but rather to capture an idea. These sketches are thus inherently fragmentary and selective. The drawing is a reminder of the idea that caused me to record it in the first place. That visceral connection, that thought process, cannot be replicated by a computer.
    The second type of drawing, the preparatory study, is typically part of a progression of drawings that elaborate a design. Like the referential sketch, it may not reflect a linear process. I find computer-aided design much more linear.【R5】______
[A]Like most architects, we routinely use these and other software programs, especially for construction documents, but also for developing designs and making presentations.
[B]I personally like to draw on translucent yellow tracing paper, which allows me to layer one drawing on top of another, building on what I’ve drawn before and, again, creating a personal, emotional connection with the work.
[C]As documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, architecture defines the structure of a building or any other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.
[D]With its tremendous ability to organize and present data, the computer is transforming every aspect of how architects work, from sketching their first impressions of an idea to creating complex construction documents for contractors.
[E]Drawings are not just end products: they are part of the thought process of architectural design, expressing the interaction of our minds, eyes and hands.
[F]The definitive drawing, the final and most developed of the three, is almost universally produced on the computer nowadays, and that is appropriate.
[G]Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
【R1】
选项
答案D
解析 文章首段提到信息技术业已成为许多建筑圈内的时尚，并借此宣告绘图艺术的消亡。作者对此提出问题：究竟是什么改变了建筑绘画的存在状况?本段首句给出了答案：The computer，of course，空格主要讲“digital”对当今建筑业各个层面的深刻影响。[D]概括性地讲述了电脑强大的数据处理功能，使得它transforming every aspect of how architects work，包括草拟初稿到制作施工文件。可见，该选项通过解释电脑的特性，详细地解释了首段提出的问题，因此[D]为正确答案。
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