首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Choice blindness: You don’t know what you want [A]We have all heard of experts who fail basic tests of sensory discrimination in
Choice blindness: You don’t know what you want [A]We have all heard of experts who fail basic tests of sensory discrimination in
admin
2013-11-11
42
问题
Choice blindness: You don’t know what you want
[A]We have all heard of experts who fail basic tests of sensory discrimination in their own field: wine snobs(自命不凡的人)who can’t tell red from white wine(though in blackened cups), or art critics who see deep meaning in random lines drawn by a computer. We delight in such stories since anyone claiming to be an authority is fair game. But what if we shine the spotlight on choices we make about everyday things? Experts might be forgiven for being wrong about the limits of their skills as experts, but could we be forgiven for being wrong about the limits of our skills as experts on ourselves?
[B]We have been trying to answer this question using techniques from magic performances. Rather than playing tricks with alternatives presented to participants, we secretly altered the outcomes of their choices, and recorded how they react. For example, in an early study we showed our volunteers pairs of pictures of faces and asked them to choose the most attractive. In some trials, immediately after they made their choice, we asked people to explain the reasons behind their choices.
[C]Unknown to them, we sometimes used a double-card magic trick to secretly exchange one face for the other so they ended up with the face they did not choose. Common sense dictates that all of us would notice such a big change in the outcome of a choice. But the result showed that in 75 per cent of the trials our participants were blind to the mismatch, even offering "reasons" for their "choice".
[D]We called this effect "choice blindness", echoing change blindness, the phenomenon identified by psychologists where a remarkably large number of people fail to spot a major change in their environment. Recall the famous experiments where X asks Y for directions; while Y is struggling to help, X is switched for Z — and Y fails to notice. Researchers are still pondering the full implications, but it does show how little information we use in daily life, and undermines the idea that we know what is going on around us.
[E]When we set out, we aimed to weigh in on the enduring, complicated debate about self-knowledge and intentionality. For all the intimate familiarity we feel we have with decision-making, it is very difficult to know about it from the "inside": one of the great barriers for scientific research is the nature of subjectivity.
[F]As anyone who has ever been in a verbal disagreement can prove, people tend to give elaborate justifications for their decisions, which we have every reason to believe are nothing more than rationalisations(文过饰非)after the event. To prove such people wrong, though, or even provide enough evidence to change their mind, is an entirely different matter: who are you to say what my reasons are?
[G]But with choice blindness we drive a large wedge between intentions and actions in the mind. As our participants give us verbal explanations about choices they never made, we can show them beyond doubt — and prove it — that what they say cannot be true. So our experiments offer a unique window into confabulation(虚构)(the story-telling we do to justify things after the fact)that is otherwise very difficult to come by. We can compare everyday explanations with those under lab conditions, looking for such things as the amount of detail in descriptions, how coherent the narrative is, the emotional tone, or even the timing or flow of the speech. Then we can create a theoretical framework to analyse any kind of exchange.
[H]This framework could provide a clinical use for choice blindness: for example, two of our ongoing studies examine how malingering(装病)might develop into true symptoms, and how confabulation might play a role in obsessive-compulsive disorder(强迫症).
[I]Importantly, the effects of choice blindness go beyond snap judgments. Depending on what our volunteers say in response to the mismatched outcomes of choices(whether they give short or long explanations, give numerical rating or labelling, and so on)we found this interaction could change their future preferences to the extent that they come to prefer the previously rejected alternative. This gives us a rare glimpse into the complicated dynamics of self-feedback("I chose this, I publicly said so, therefore I must like it"), which we suspect lies behind the formation of many everyday preferences.
[J]We also want to explore the boundaries of choice blindness. Of course, it will be limited by choices we know to be of great importance in everyday life. Which bride or bridegroom would fail to notice if someone switched their partner at the altar through amazing sleight of hand(巧妙的手段)? Yet there is ample territory between the absurd idea of spouse-swapping, and the results of our early face experiments.
[K]For example, in one recent study we invited supermarket customers to choose between two paired varieties of jam and tea. In order to switch each participant’s choice without them noticing, we created two sets of "magical" jars, with lids at both ends and a divider inside. The jars looked normal, but were designed to hold one variety of jam or tea at each end, and could easily be flipped over.
[L]Immediately after the participants chose, we asked them to taste their choice again and tell us verbally why they made that choice. Before they did, we turned over the sample containers, so the tasters were given the opposite of what they had intended in their selection. Strikingly, people detected no more than a third of all these trick trials. Even when we switched such remarkably different flavors as spicy cinnamon and apple for bitter grapefruit jam, the participants spotted less than half of all switches.
[M]We have also documented this kind of effect when we simulate online shopping for consumer products such as laptops or cellphones, and even apartments. Our latest tests are exploring moral and political decisions, a domain where reflection and deliberation are supposed to play a central role, but which we believe is perfectly suited to investigating using choice blindness.
[N]Throughout our experiments, as well as registering whether our volunteers noticed that they had been presented with the alternative they did not choose, we also quizzed them about their beliefs about their decision processes. How did they think they would feel if they had been exposed to a study like ours? Did they think they would have noticed the switches? Consistently, between 80 and 90 per cent of people said that they believed they would have noticed something was wrong.
[O]Imagine their surprise, even disbelief, when we told them about the nature of the experiments. In everyday decisionmaking we do see ourselves as knowing a lot about our selves, but like the wine buff or art critic, we often overstate what we know. The good news is that this form of decision snobbery should not be too difficult to treat. Indeed, after reading this article you might already be cured.
Instead of playing tricks with things offered to participants, the researchers secretly changed the things they chose.
选项
答案
B
解析
根据题干中的线索词playing tricks,secretly,participants chose和recorded their reaction将本题出处定位于[B]段第2句。该句提到,我们(指研究人员)没有在提供给参与者的选择对象上做手脚,而是偷偷地篡改了他们的选择结果,然后记录他们的反应。题干中的Instead of playing tricks with things offered to participants是对该句中的Rather than playing tricks with alternatives presented to participants的同义转述,secretly changed thethings they chose是对secretly altered the outcomes of their choices的同义转述。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/4i27777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
A、Hewassurelyunderhugepressure.B、Thecafewasnotoneofhisgreatestachievements.C、Hedidalmostnothingsignificant.D
A、HowmanynativespeakersithadinShakespeare’stime.B、Thenumberofpeoplewithanadequateworkingknowledgeofit.C、The
Self-Reliance,byRalphWaldoEmerson,hasinfluencedthewayIviewtheworldandmyself.Thisworkhashadaprofoundeffecto
Twelveyearsago,asafirst-yearlanguage-artsteacheratamiddleschoolinHouston,Ihad50minutesadaywitheachofmycl
Twelveyearsago,asafirst-yearlanguage-artsteacheratamiddleschoolinHouston,Ihad50minutesadaywitheachofmycl
A、Theworkerslackincentivestoquitsmoking.B、Banningsmokingwillkeeppeopleenergeticintheworkplace.C、Thereexistsdis
GoodandHungryFast-foodfirmshavetobeathick-skinnedbunch.Healthexpertsregularlylambast(抨击)themforpeddling(售卖
HiringCelebritiesasVisitingProfessor1.目前有不少大学请明星当客座教授2.对这一现象,人们看法不同3.我的看法
A、Theytreatedtheirworkersmorehumanely.B、Theycompletelyignoredconsumers’health.C、Theyturnedoutmoreunhealthyproduc
随机试题
图示时序逻辑电路是一个()。附:触发器的逻辑状态表为:
下列说法正确的是()。
咨询具有()的意思。
导致某一风险事故发生的原因是诸多风险因素和其他因素共同作用的结果,而且每一个因素的作用时间、作用范围、作用方向和顺序、作用的强度等,都必须满足一定的条件,才能导致风险的发生。每一因素的出现,其相互间也没有任何必然的联系,这体现了风险的()。
股东大会是由股份有限公司全体股东组成、表达公司最高意思的权力机构。股东大会的职权可以概括为( )。
2008年国际金融危机后,关于各国政府积极采取新的监管措施,下列说法正确的是()。
单位组织迎新座谈会,需要采购一些水果,领导暗示你到他的一位朋友那里采购。但是你去他朋友那边发现水果不新鲜。质量也不好,这个时候你会怎么办?
新教育运动中,被欧洲教育界公认的第一所新学校是
活着与生活①有位朋友曾经说过一句话,开始听起来并没有在意,后来仔细想想,还有道理,他说,人分两种:一种是活着的人,另一种是生活的人。②活着的人,指的是什么?恐怕仅仅就是指活着吧。有说有笑,有苦有悲,但没有精神上的追求。有呼吸,有面孔,但没有
阅读下列说明和C代码,回答【问题1】至【问题3】,将解答写在答题纸的对应栏内。【说明】计算一个整数数组a的最长递增子序列长度的方法描述如下:假设数组a的长度为n,用数组b的元素b[i]记录以a[i](0≤i<n)为结尾元素的最
最新回复
(
0
)