首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately
admin
2014-07-20
83
问题
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logic nature—those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable Of error-free logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the last two decades’ research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA (Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.
AURA solves a problem by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. Program does not learn, nor is it self-analytical, but it reaches logical conclusions flawlessly. It used various types of reasoning and, more important, has access to very powerful and sophisticated logical strategies. AURA seldom relies on brute force to find solutions. Instead it
solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction. One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For ex- ample, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the system’s design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactor’s design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy, known as the set of support strategy, lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem. Almost never does the program proceed by carrying out an exhaustive search.
The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist "expert systems" that include a component for reasoning. An expert system is a special-purpose program designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert programs, unlike human experts, do not die. Such systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be replicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.
Will the computer replace the human being? Certainly not. It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce — that is, design more clever computer programs and more efficient, more useful components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem, and redirect their attack on a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Their impact will be felt in design, manufacturing, law, medicine, and other areas. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas. These ideas will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.
All of the following are advantages of expert programs EXCEPT______.
选项
A、they have an indefinite life span
B、they cost little to reproduce
C、many copies can be made available
D、they are self-analytical
答案
D
解析
定位于文章第三段后半部分,其中第五句提到“这些专门用的程序可以不断提高,无限制地存在下去”可排除A 第六句“它们可以被廉价复制”从而排除B ;最后一句提到“…而且这种程序可以无限制地被复制”可排除C ,因此答案为D 。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/5NTK777K
0
专业英语四级
相关试题推荐
Somepeoplearefriendlydrunks,whereasothersarehostile,potentiallyposingadangertothemselvesandothers.Thedifferenc
Somepeoplearefriendlydrunks,whereasothersarehostile,potentiallyposingadangertothemselvesandothers.Thedifferenc
InAmerica,olderpeoplerarelylivewiththeiradultchildren.Butinmanyothercultureschildrenareexpectedtocare【C1】___
Althoughmostpeoplereturnfrompackageholidaysreasonablysatisfied,thisisnotalwaysthe(1)_____.Take,forinstance,the
We’dbetterwaittill20November.Tom______hisexambythensohe’llbeabletoenjoyhimself.
Itisnot______muchthelanguageasthebackgroundthatmakesthebookdifficulttounderstand.[2007]
StrikesanddemonstrationsinGermany,BritainandFrancehelpedtomaketheshorterworkingweekaunionpriority.Employersga
Testinghasreplacedteachinginmostpublicschools.Myownchildren’sschoolweekisframedbypretests,drills,tests,andre
Instudyafterstudy,fourtraitsare【C1】______ofhappypeople.First,happypeople,especiallyin【C2】______Westerncultures,li
Shemanagedtosave______shecouldoutofherwagestohelpherbrother.
随机试题
患者,张某,38岁,近半年来阴道排液有恶臭味,月经不规律,同房后出血。查体:宫颈菜花状,有接触性出血,色鲜红。根据患者情况为进一步确诊,可行下列哪种简单可靠的治疗
甲食品生产企业(以下简称甲企业)为增值税一般纳税人,2019年12月,甲企业发生下列经营业务。(1)购进原材料一批,取得的增值税专用发票上注明价款30000元,税额3900元,委托某一般纳税人运输企业将其运回企业,支付不含税运费1500元,取得增
()一般适用于规模较大的物业,尤其是收益性物业。
叶澜等学者对教师专业发展阶段进行了研究,认为可以自觉依照教师发展的一般路线和自己目前的发展条件,有意识地自我规划,以谋求最大程度的自我发展的教师,处于专业发展的()
一、注意事项1.监考老师发给你的测试材料分为两部分:试题本和答题纸。2.测试开始前。请在试题本和答题纸上指定位置先填写好自己的姓名、准考证号等项内容。然后再开始答题。3.申论考试与传统的作文考试不同,是分析驾驭材料的能力与表达能力并重的考试。作答参考
唐朝法律规定,凡拾得遗失物后,要()。
Inhisview,thoughHongKonghasnodirectculturalidentity,localartisthrivingby"being______,"beingopentoallkinds
ThedomesticeconomyintheUnitedStatesexpandedinaremarkablyvigorousandsteadyfashion.Therevivalinconsumerconfiden
Thenursegavemesomethingto________thepain.
Changesinthewaypeoplelivebringaboutchangesinthejobsthattheydo.Moreandmorepeopleliveintownsandcitiesinste
最新回复
(
0
)