首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately
admin
2014-07-20
65
问题
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logic nature—those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable Of error-free logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the last two decades’ research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA (Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.
AURA solves a problem by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. Program does not learn, nor is it self-analytical, but it reaches logical conclusions flawlessly. It used various types of reasoning and, more important, has access to very powerful and sophisticated logical strategies. AURA seldom relies on brute force to find solutions. Instead it
solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction. One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For ex- ample, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the system’s design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactor’s design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy, known as the set of support strategy, lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem. Almost never does the program proceed by carrying out an exhaustive search.
The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist "expert systems" that include a component for reasoning. An expert system is a special-purpose program designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert programs, unlike human experts, do not die. Such systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be replicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.
Will the computer replace the human being? Certainly not. It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce — that is, design more clever computer programs and more efficient, more useful components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem, and redirect their attack on a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Their impact will be felt in design, manufacturing, law, medicine, and other areas. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas. These ideas will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.
All of the following are advantages of expert programs EXCEPT______.
选项
A、they have an indefinite life span
B、they cost little to reproduce
C、many copies can be made available
D、they are self-analytical
答案
D
解析
定位于文章第三段后半部分,其中第五句提到“这些专门用的程序可以不断提高,无限制地存在下去”可排除A 第六句“它们可以被廉价复制”从而排除B ;最后一句提到“…而且这种程序可以无限制地被复制”可排除C ,因此答案为D 。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/5NTK777K
0
专业英语四级
相关试题推荐
Somepeoplearefriendlydrunks,whereasothersarehostile,potentiallyposingadangertothemselvesandothers.Thedifferenc
TheUNcommissionofinquiryonEastTimorhasfoundevidencethat______.
Withouttelephoneitwouldbeimpossibletocarryonthefunctionsof______everybusinessoperationinthewholecountry.
Globalwarmingisalreadycuttingsubstantiallyintopotentialcropyieldsinsomecountries—tosuchanextentthatitmaybea
Hisfirstnovel"Night"wasanaccountoftheNazicrimes______throughtheeyesofateenagedboy.
Hehasmadeanameforhimselfinthefieldofcomputers.Theunderlinedpartmeans______.
What’stheresultofstrike?
WhodidAnthonyShafferworkfor?
Whatcanlowerthepriceofwind-generatedelectricity?
Electricityissuchapartofoureverydaylivesandsomuchtakenforgrantednowadays【C1】______werarelythinktwicewhenwes
随机试题
下列哪项评价的是明代作家宋濂()
下列采用普通法系的国家是【 】
我国文学史上第一部诗歌总集是______。
A、二阴煎B、养心汤C、大补元煎D、左归丸E、滋水清肝饮癫证心脾两虚型宜选用
时距是一项工作的最早开始或完成时间与另一工作的最早开始或完成时间之间的时间间隔以下说法不正确的是()。
2014年甲村水稻亩产400公斤,乙村水稻亩产800公斤。因为乙村使用了杂交水稻新品种,所以人们认为乙村水稻亩产量高可能是使用了新品种的缘故。能给上述论述提供最有力支持的一项是:
人生观的作用主要通过人生目的、人生态度、人生价值三个方面体现出来。人生目的回答人为什么活着,人生态度表明人应当怎样对待生活,人生价值判断什么样的人生才有意义。这三个方面互相联系、互相制约,其中居于核心地位的是()
某企业采用Windows2000操作系统部署企业虚拟专用网(VPN),将企业的两个异地网络通过公共Internet安全地互联起来。微软Windows2000操作系统当中对IPSec具备完善的支持,图13-3给出了基于Windows2000系统部署
下面是关于ARM嵌入式芯片中的DMA控制器的叙述,其中错误的是()。
Everypersonplanstorunofftosometropicalisle,butfewdo.Reallife,family,work,andmonetarylimitationsgetinthewa
最新回复
(
0
)