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  3. Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman sh

Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman sh

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问题 Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman shared certain beliefs. Common to all these writers is their humanistic perspective. Its basic premises are that humans are the spiritual center of the universe and that in them alone is the clue to nature, history, and ultimately the cosmos. Without denying outright the existence of a deity, this perspective explains humans and the world in terms of humanity.
    This common perspective is almost always universalized. It emphasizes the human as universal, freed from the accidents of time, space, birth, and talent. Thus, for Emerson, the "American Scholar" turns out to be simply "Man Thinking," while, for Whitman, the "Song of Myself" merges imperceptibly into a song of all the "children of Adam," where "every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. "
    Also common to all five writers is the belief that self-realization depends on the harmonious reconciliation of two universal psychological tendencies: first, the self-asserting impulse of the individual to be responsible only to himself or herself, and second, the self-transcending impulse of the individual to know and become one with that world. These conflicting impulses can be seen in the democratic ethic. Democracy advocates individualism, the preservation of the individual’s freedom and self-expression. But the democratic self is torn between the duty to self, which is implied by the concept of liberty, and the duty to society, which is implied by the concepts of equality and fraternity.
    A third assumption common to the five writers is that intuition and imagination offer a surer road to truth than does abstract logic or scientific method. It is illustrated by their emphasis upon introspection— their belief that the clue to external nature is to be found in the inner world of individual psychology—and by their interpretation of experience as, in essence, symbolic. Both these stresses presume an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos of which only intuition and imagination can properly take account. These writers’ faith in the imagination and in themselves led them to conceive of the writer as a seer.  
It can be inferred that the idea of "an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos" (see lines 40-41) is necessary to the thinking of the five writers because such a relationship
选项 A、enables them to assert the importance of the democratic ethic
B、justifies their concept of the freedom of the individual
C、sustains their faith in the existence of a deity
D、is the foundation of their humanistic view of existence
E、is the basis for their claim that the writer is a seer
答案D
解析 The passage discusses the idea of an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos in the context of discussion of the five writers’ shared beliefs that the clue to external nature is to be found in the inner world of individual psychology and that experience is, essentially, symbolic.
The passage indicates that these views presume the idea that there is an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos. This presumption of an organic relationship is, it seems, the basis of their humanistic view of existence.
A      It is possible to assert the importance of the democratic ethic without holding to these writers’ view regarding an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos. In fact, this view may have played a part in their promotion of the democratic ethic. Nevertheless, the writers certainly could have asserted that this ethic was important without presuming such a view.
B      The passage indicates tension between the idea of individual freedom and the individual’s duty to society, a view that these writers link to the organic relationship between the self and the cosmos. It is therefore unclear specifically how this idea justifies these five authors’ conception of the freedom of the individual.
C      The passage indicates that these authors do not specifically deny the existence of a deity.
However, their belief in the humanistic view of existence stands in tension with a belief in a deity. Therefore, it is unlikely that the idea of an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos—a concept that underlies that humanistic view—would sustain whatever faith they might have in the existence of a deity distinct from the universe itself.
D     Correct. As indicated above, these five writers’ humanistic view of existence presupposes an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos.
E      The passage indicates that the writers’ faith in the imagination and in themselves underlies their claim that the writer is a seer, not their idea that there is an organic relationship between the self and the cosmos.
The correct answer is D.
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