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  3. Psychologists take opposing view of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behav

Psychologists take opposing view of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behav

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问题     Psychologists take opposing view of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various as pects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators.  But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they are working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it is easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for re wards."
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary’ a chievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenbcrger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to’ tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ______.
选项 A、rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
B、punishment is more effective than rewarding
C、failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D、discouraging the student’s anticipation for easy rewards is matter of urgency
答案A
解析 在本文第三段中谈到了主张奖励办法，但奖励应得体，奖其所值。第四段还谈到有的老师对那些总是关注奖励而表现一般的学生也给高分，这样的老师培养不出有创造力的学生。由此可推断，大多数大学严格评分标准是为了避免扼杀学生的创造性。因此A项正确。
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