2. 外语
  3. When dominant innovators in a science respond to the challenge of a situation that demands some change in its practice, this may

When dominant innovators in a science respond to the challenge of a situation that demands some change in its practice, this may

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问题     When dominant innovators in a science respond to the challenge of a situation that demands some change in its practice, this may take a number of forms, and rival schools may grow up around different leaders responding differently to a particular situation. These rivalries may be reinforced and perpetuated by the use of standard textbooks. Any empirical science must be able to cope with its own phenomena, and once any observation is accepted as relevant, its theory and modes of description and analysis must be able to handle it with scientific adequacy, of which exhaustiveness, consistency, economy are basic principles. The extension of a science to new but relevant fields may require the further elaboration and presentation of existing theory along previously-followed lines.
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答案形势要求某一学科改变研究方法，而该学科主要革新者迎接形势的挑战时，可能采取若干形式，而且由于不同学术带头人对某一形势有不同的反应，会出现彼此对立的学派。标准教科书的使用加剧了对立的局面并使其长期存在。任何基于经验的科学必须能处理属于自己领域内的现象。一旦某个观察被认为是相关的，该学科的理论和描述分析方式必须能科学地加以处理，内容详尽、观点一致和省钱省力是基本的原则。把某一学科延伸到新的相关领域可能要求沿着先前的路线对现的理论做进一步阐述和表达。
解析     1．...a situation that demands some change in its practice句中，that引导定语从句，修饰situation。该句中的practice最好不要翻译成“实践”，可译为“研究方法”。主句中的this指代从句。并列句中的schools正确意义是“学派”或“流派”，而不是“学校”。
    2．第3行中的responding differently to...是定语，修饰leaders。a particular...的确切意义是“某一个”，而不是“特殊的”，如flow in a particular direction或learn a particular foreign language，根本没有“特殊的方向”或“特殊的外语”。perpetuate的意义可通过其形容词形式perpetual推断。
    3．第7行中的it指代从句中的observation，而...of which...是非限定性定语从句，修饰scientific adequacy。最后一句中的elaboration与presentation是并列的，“阐述”的对象是existing theory。
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