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  3. In 1637 the French mathematician Rene Descartes predicted that it would never be possible to make a machine that thinks as human

In 1637 the French mathematician Rene Descartes predicted that it would never be possible to make a machine that thinks as human

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问题       In 1637 the French mathematician Rene Descartes predicted that it would never be possible to make a machine that thinks as humans do. In 1950, the British mathematician and computer pioneer Alan Turing declared that one day there would be a machine that could duplicate human intelligence in every way and prove it by passing a specialized test. In this test, a computer and a human hidden from view would be asked random identical questions. If the computer were successful, the questioner would be unable to distinguish the machine from the per son by the answers.
     Inspired by Turing’s theory, the first conference on AI convened at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire in 1956. Soon afterwards and Al laboratory was started at Massachusetts Institute of Technology by John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky, two of the nation’s leading Al proponents. McCarthy also invented the Al computer language, Lisp; but by the early 1990s Al itself had not been achieved. However, logic programs called expert systems allow computers to "make decisions" by interpreting data and selecting from among alternatives. Technicians can run programs used in complex medical diagnosis, language translation, mineral exploration, and even computer design.
      Machinery can outperform humans physically. So, too, can computers outperform mental functions in limited areas--notably in the speed of mathematical calculations. For example, the fastest computers developed are able to perform roughly 10 billion calculations per second. But making more powerful computers will probably not be the way to create a machine capable of passing the Turing test. Computer programs operate according to set procedures, or logic steps, called algorithms. In addition, most computers do serial processing; operations of recognition and computation are performed one at a time. The brain works in a manner called parallel processing, performing operations simultaneously. To achieve simulated parallel processing, some supercomputers have been made with multiple processors to follow several algorithms at the same time.
      Critics of the approach insist that solving a computation does not indicate understanding, something a person who solved a problem would have. Human reasoning is not based solely on rules of logic, It involves perception, awareness, emotional preferences, values, evaluation experience, the ability to generalize and weigh options, and more. Some proponents of Al have, therefore, suggested that computers should be patterned after the human brain, which essentially consists of a network of nerve cells.
      By the early 1990s, the closest approximation to Al was a special silicon chip built to behave like a human brain cell. It was modeled after the internal working of neurons in the human cerebral context. Unlike the conventional sillicon chip, which works in digital mode, the new silicon chip works in analog mode, much the way human brain cell works.
Critics of AI would probably agree with the statement that______.
选项 A、logic plays the most important part in human reasoning
B、fast computation shows the ability of understanding
C、the new silicon chip is working in the way that human brain works
D、reasoning is something too complicated to be duplicated by the computer
答案D
解析 推理判断题。通读全文可知，虽然作者并没有直接说明对人工智能持批评态度的人同意哪种观点，但在第四段中作者指出：对人工智能持批评态度的人认为，能进行运算并不意味着能理解。推理是人类解决问题的一种能力。人们进行推理不仅靠逻辑，而且需要感知，了解等等能力。故选项D是正确答案。选项A和B都与文章内容相悖，选项C讲的是新的研究情况，并非批评者同意的观点。
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