2. 外语
  3. How to Fix the Internet A) We have to fix the internet. After 40 years, it has begun to corrode, both itself and us. It is still

How to Fix the Internet A) We have to fix the internet. After 40 years, it has begun to corrode, both itself and us. It is still

admin2018-03-26  45
问题     How to Fix the Internet
A) We have to fix the internet. After 40 years, it has begun to corrode, both itself and us. It is still a marvelous and miraculous invention, but now there are bugs in the foundation, bats in the belfry, and trolls in the basement.
B) I do not mean this to be one of those technophobic rants insulting the internet for rewiring our brains to give us the nervous attention span of Donald Trump on Twitter or pontificating about how we have to log off and smell the flowers. Those worries about new technologies have existed ever since Plato was concerned that the technology of writing would threaten memorization and oratory (演讲术). I love the internet and all of its digital offshoots. What I feel sad for is its decline.
C) There is a bug in its original design that at first seemed like a feature but has gradually, and now rapidly, been exploited by hackers and trolls and malevolent actors: Its packets are encoded with the address of their destination but not of their authentic origin. With a circuit-switched network, you can track or trace back the origins of the information, but that’s not true with the packet-switched design of the internet.
D) Compounding this was the architecture that Tim Berners-Lee and the inventors of the early browsers created for the World Wide Web. It brilliantly allowed the whole of the earth’s computers to be webbed together and navigated through hyperlinks. But the links were one-way. You knew where the links took you. But if you had a webpage or piece of content, you didn’t exactly know who was linking to you or coming to use your content.
E) All of that protected the potential for anonymity. You could make comments anonymously. Go to a webpage anonymously. Consume content anonymously. With a little effort, send email anonymously. And if you figured out a way to get into someone’s servers or databases, you could do it anonymously.
F) For years, the benefits of anonymity on the net outweighed its drawbacks. People felt more free to express themselves, which was especially valuable if they were holding different opinions or hiding a personal secret. This was celebrated in the famous 1993 New Yorker cartoon, "On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog."
G) Now the problem is nobody can tell if you’re a troll. Or a hacker. Or a bot. Or a Macedonian (马其顿的) teenager publishing a story that the Pope has supported Trump. This has poisoned civil discourse, enabled hacking, permitted cyberbullying, and made email a risk.
H) The lack of secure identification and authentication (身份认证) inherent in the internet’s genetic code has also prevented easy transactions, obstructed financial inclusion, destroyed the business models of content creators, unleashed the overflow of spam (垃圾邮件), and forced us to use passwords and two-factor authentication schemes that would have confused Houdini. The trillions being spent and the IQ points of computer science talent being allocated to tackle security issues make it a drag, rather than a spur, to productivity in some sectors.
I) In Plato’s Republic, we learn the tale of the Ring of Gyges. Put it on, and you’re invisible and anonymous. The question that Plato asks is whether those who put on the ring will be civil and moral. He thinks not. The internet has proven him correct. The web is no longer a place of community, no longer a marketplace. Every day more sites are eliminating comments sections.
J) If we could start from scratch, here’s what I think we would do:
*Create a system that enables content producers to negotiate with aggregators (整合者) and search engines to get a royalty whenever their content is used, like ASCAP has negotiated for public performances and radio airings of its members’ works.
*Embed (嵌入) a simple digital wallet and currency for quick and easy small payments for songs, blogs, articles, and whatever other digital content is for sale.
*Encode emails with an authenticated return or originating address.
*Enforce critical properties and security at the lowest levels of the system possible, such as in the hardware or in the programming language, instead of leaving it to programmers to incorporate security into every line of code they write.
*Build chips and machines that update the notion of an internet packet. For those who want, their packets could be encoded or tagged with metadata (元数据) that describe what they contain and give the rules for how it can be used.
K) Most internet engineers think that these reforms are possible, from Vint Cerf, the original TCP/IP coauthor, to Milo Medin of Google, to Howard Shrobe, the director of cybersecurity at MIT. "We don’t need to live in cyber hell," Shrobe has argued. Implementing them is less a matter of technology than of cost and social will. Some people, understandably, will resist any reduction of anonymity, which they sometimes label privacy.
L) So the best approach, I think, would be to try to create a voluntary system, for those who want to use it, to have verified identification and authentication. People would not be forced to use such a system. If they wanted to communicate and surf anonymously, they could. But those of us who choose, at times, not to be anonymous and not to deal with people who are anonymous should have that right as well. That’s the way it works in the real world.
M) The benefits would be many. Easy and secure ways to deal with your finances and medical records. Small payment systems that could reward valued content rather than the current incentive to concentrate on clickbait for advertising. Less hacking, spamming, cyberbullying, trolling, and spewing of anonymous hate. And the possibility of a more civil discourse.
It is the design of the internet that makes it impossible to find out where the information comes from.
选项
答案C
解析 C段定位句表明，在“线路交换”的网络里，你能追踪或追溯到信息的来源，但在互联网的“分组交换”设计里并非如此。由此推知，由于“分组交换”设计，人们不可能在互联网里追踪或追溯到信息的来源。题干中的find out和comes from分别是定位句中track or trace back和the origins的同义转述，故C)为答案。
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