首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The Mozart Effect A Music has be
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The Mozart Effect A Music has be
admin
2015-03-03
63
问题
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
The Mozart Effect
A Music has been used for centuries to heal the body. In the Ebers Papyrs(one of the earliest medical documents, circa 1500 B.C.), it was recorded that physicians chanted to heal the sick(Castleman, 1994). In various cultures, we have observed singing as part of healing rituals. In the world of Western medicine, however, using music in medicine lost popularity until the introduction of the radio. Researchers then started to notice that listening to music could have significant physical effects. Therapists noticed music could help calm anxiety and researchers saw that listening to music could cause a drop in blood pressure. In addition to these two areas, music has been used with cancer chemotherapy to reduce nausea, during surgery to reduce stress hormone production, during childbirth, and in stroke recovery(Castleman, 1994 and Westley, 1998). It has been shown to decrease pain as well as enhance the effectiveness of the immune system. In Japan, compilations of music are used as medication, of sorts. For example, if you want to cure a headache or migraine, the album suggested Mendelssohn’s "Spring Song," Dvorak’s "Humoresque," or part of George Gershwin’s "An American in Paris"(Campbell, 1998). Music is also being used to assist in learning, in a phenomenon called the Mozart Effect.
B Frances H. Rauscher, Ph.D., first demonstrated the correlation between music and learning in an experiment in 1993. His experiments indicated that a 10-minute dose of Mozart could temporarily boost intelligence. Groups of students were given intelligence tests after listening to silence, relaxation tapes, or Mozart’s Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major for a short time. He found that after silence, the average IQ score was no, and after the relaxation tape, scores rose a point. After listening to Mozart, however, the scores jumped to 119(Westley, 1998). Even students who did not like the music still had an increased score on the IQ test. Rauscher hypothesized that "listening to complex, non-repetitive music, like Mozart, may stimulate neural pathways that are important in thinking’’(Castleman, 1994).
C The same experiment was repeated on rats by Rauscher and Hong Hua Li from Stanford. Rats also demonstrated enhancement in their intelligence performance. These new studies indicate that rats that were exposed to Mozart showed "increased gene expression of BDNF(a neural growth factor), CREB(a learning and memory compound), and Synapsin I(a synaptic growth protein)" in the brain’s hippocampus, compared with rats in the control group, which heard only white noise(e.g. the whooshing sound of a radio tuned between stations).
D How exactly does the Mozart effect work? Researchers are still trying to determine the actual mechanisms for the formation of these enhanced learning pathways. Neuroscientists suspect that music can actually help build and strengthen connections between neurons in the cerebral cortex in a process similar to what occurs in brain development despite its type. When a baby is born, certain connections have already been made — like connections for heartbeat and breathing. As new information is learned and motor skills develop, new neural connections are formed. Neurons that are not used will eventually die while those used repeatedly will form strong connections. Although a large number of these neural connections require experience, they also must occur within a certain time frame. For example, a child born with cataracts cannot develop connections within the visual cortex. If the cataracts are removed by surgery right away, the child’s vision develops normally. However, after the age of 2, if the cataracts are removed, the child will remain blind because those pathways cannot establish themselves.
E Music seems to work in the same way. In October of 1997, researchers at the University of Konstanz in Germany found that music actually rewires neural circuits(Begley, 1996). Although some of these circuits are formed for physical skills needed to play an instrument, just listening to music strengthens connection used in higher-order thinking. Listening to music can then be thought of as "exercise" for the brain, improving concentration and enhancing intuition.
F If you’re a little skeptical about the claims made by supporters of the Mozart Effect, you’re not alone. Many people accredit the advanced learning of some children who take music lessons to other personality traits, such as motivation and persistence, which is required in all types of learning. There have also been claims of that influencing the results of some experiments.
G Furthermore, many people are critical of the role the media had in turning an isolated study into a trend for parents and music educators. After Mozart Effect was published to the public, the sales of Mozart CDs stayed on the top of the hit list for three weeks. In an article by Michael Linton, he wrote that the research that began this phenomenon(the study by researchers at the University of California Irvine)showed only a temporary boost in IQ, which was not significant enough to even last throughout the course of the experiment. Using music to influence intelligence was used in Confucian civilization and Plato alluded to Pythagorean music when he described is ideal state in The Republic. In both of these examples, music did not have caused any overwhelming changes, and the theory eventually died out. Linton also asks, "If Mozart’s Music were able to improve health, why was Mozart himself so frequently sick? If listening to Mozart’s music increases intelligence and encourages spirituality, why aren’t the world’s smartest and most spiritual people Mozart specialists?" Linton raises an interesting point, if the Mozart effect causes such significant changes, why isn’t there more documented evidence?
H The "trendiness" of the Mozart Effect may have died out somewhat, but there are still strong supporters(and opponents)of the claims made in 1993. Since that initial experiment, there has not been a surge of supporting evidence. However, many parents, after playing classical music while pregnant or when their children are young, will swear by the Mozart Effect. A classmate of mine once told me that listening to classical music while studying will help with memorization. If we approach this controversy from a scientific aspect, although there has been some evidence that music does increase brain activity, actual improvements in learning and memory have not been adequately demonstrated.
Questions 7-5
Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
Other qualities needed in all learning
选项
答案
F
解析
利用反向思维信息“other qualities”,可以推测原文对应信息应该提及多个不同的具体与“learning”相关的“qualities”,例如注意力、动力、兴趣等。于是定位于44页段落F第一行“…motivation and persistence,which is required in all types of learn-ing”,所以答案为F。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/6fNO777K
本试题收录于:
雅思阅读题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思阅读
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
CORRECTIVE:AMEND::
BeforeGibson,populardiscoursesurroundingtheInformationAgeoftendepictedthecurrenteraasoneinwhichadvanced
ThehistorianBatallahasproperlyconcludedthatalthoughtheMesoamericancentralplateauwasmilitarilyconqueredin1
Itisclearthatmanyinstitutionalinvestorsoncevoted______;nowaftersomanyscandals,somemanagersadmitthattheyshould
AccordingtoAristotle,thesubjectsoftragicdramawererightlydrawnfromancientmythology,asourceconsideredinvar
Fewmathematiciansare______theirfuturesonfindinganysuchproof;instead,theireffortsarefocusedonfindinggood,butnot_
Akeyfeatureofquantuminformationscienceistheunderstandingthatgroupsoftwoormorequantumobjectscanhavesta
Akeyfeatureofquantuminformationscienceistheunderstandingthatgroupsoftwoormorequantumobjectscanhavesta
ThispassageisadaptedfromTheAmericanRepublic:Constitution,Tendencies,andDestinybyO.A.Brownson,1866.Thean
ThispassageisadaptedfromTheAmericanRepublic:Constitution,Tendencies,andDestinybyO.A.Brownson,1866.Thean
随机试题
膀胱截石位使用的手术是()。
患者,女性,35岁,头晕,乏力2年余,加重伴心悸2个月,2年前无明显诱因出现头晕,乏力,但不影响工作和日常生活,近1个月来上述症状加重伴活动后心悸。发病以来睡眠和进食正常,爱挑食,大小便正常,无鲜血便和黑便,尿色正常,无鼻衄和牙龈出血,体重无明显变化。既往
对于不合格的施工作业人员,()有权要求承包单位予以撤换。
某施工单位与业主签订了某综合楼工程施工合同。经过监理方审核批准的施工进度网络图如下图所示(时间单位:月),假定各项工作均匀施工。在施工中发生了如下事件:事件一:因施工单位租赁的挖土机大修,晚开工2d。事件二:基坑开挖后,因发现了软土层,施工单位接到了监
根据设计要求,在桩身完整性检测时,检测桩身缺陷及其位置,判定桩身完整性类别,采用的方法是()。
株洲海光服装公司是一家有进出口经营权的服装公司,该公司与香港某公司签订为期3年的来料加工协议。在协议中注明由港方不作价提供工业缝纫机(属机电产品进口许可证管理、法定检验)20台作为加工生产专用。在首期加工合同中订明由我方为港方来料加工2000套纯棉男式外套
财产保护控制包括()。
思维是客观事物在人脑中概括的和间接的反映。思维的基本形式包括()
打黑
Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjams,thecostofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodernlife,butmannersontheroadsarebe
最新回复
(
0
)