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  3. If sustainable competitive advantage depends on workforce skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is no

If sustainable competitive advantage depends on workforce skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is no

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问题     If sustainable competitive advantage depends on workforce skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as【C1】______ to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Labour is simply another factor of production to be hired or【C2】______at the lowest possible cost— much【C3】______one buys raw materials or equipment.
    The lack of importance【C4】______o human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second【C5】______command. The【C6】______of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who【C7】______it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to【C8】______to Chief Executive Officer (CEO).【C9】______, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central—usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm’ s 【C10】______.
    As a【C11】______, problems【C12】______when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn【C13】______to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is【C14】______in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for【C15】______ retraining【C16】______costs and creates bottlenecks that【C17】______the speed with【C18】______new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological【C19】______. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population【C20】______the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can’ t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.
【C9】
选项 A、Furthermore
B、Similarly
C、Although
D、However
答案D
解析 考查逻辑关系。空格前阐述：主管人力资源的管理者在企业中地位不突出；空格后阐述：在日本，人力资源管理的负责人在企业登记体系中处于核心…。据此推知，此处为转折关系，因此正确答案为D．However。
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