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  3. What is it that we mean by literature? Popularly, and amongst the thoughtless, it is held to include everything that is printed

What is it that we mean by literature? Popularly, and amongst the thoughtless, it is held to include everything that is printed

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问题 What is it that we mean by literature? Popularly, and amongst the thoughtless, it is held to include everything that is printed in a book. Little logic is required to disturb that definition. The most thoughtless person is easily made aware that in the idea of literature one essential element is some relation to a general and common interest of man—so that what applies only to a local, or professional, or merely personal interest, even though presenting itself in the shape of a book, will not belong to Literature. So far the definition is easily narrowed; and it is as easily expanded. For not only is much that takes a station in books not literature; but inversely, much that really is literature never reaches a station in books. The weekly sermons of Christendom, that vast pulpit literature which acts so extensively upon the popular mind—to warn, to uphold, to renew, to comfort, to alarm—does not attain the sanctuary of libraries in the ten-thousandth part of its extent. The Drama again—as, for instance, the finest of Shakespeare’s plays in England, and all leading Athenian plays in the noontide of the Attic stage—operated as a literature on the public mind, and were(according to the strictest letter of that term)published through the audiences that witnessed their representation some time before they were published as things to be read; and they were published in this scenical mode of publication with much more effect than they could have had as books during ages of costly copying or of costly printing.(35 points)
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答案 我们所说的文学是什么呢?对于大众来说，尤其是欠考虑的那些人，只要是印在书里的就都是文学。但这个定义经不起推敲。即使再没有头脑的人也能弄明白，文学或多或少与人们共同而普遍的兴趣爱好有着一定的联系，如此而言，那些只是适用于某些局部或是某些行业，又或仅仅出于个人爱好的作品，即使写成一本书也不算是文学。这样的话，文学的定义很容易变得狭隘，也可以被轻而易举扩展。即使在书卷中取得一席之地的作品也不算是文学，反之，许多真正的文学也不一定会在书卷中需要占有一席之地。比如基督教每周的布道辞，这种庞大的讲坛文学，可以暖人心灵、给人以支持，以信心，以安慰，以警示，对大众思想的影响不可谓不深刻而悠远，但能进入图书馆的不到万分之一。过去，戏剧在人们的意识中是以文学的形式出现的，比如，英国莎士比亚最优秀的戏剧以及雅典戏剧艺术鼎盛时期的全部主流剧作，而且这些戏剧在作为书籍作品出版之前，已经在观众面前“出版”了(根据“出版”一词最严格的意义)，而剧作以戏剧表演的形式呈现出来，比书籍的形式更具影响力，因为在那个年代抄写和印刷的代价还是很高昂的。
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