首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Community cancer clusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists than by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and conce
Community cancer clusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists than by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and conce
admin
2013-01-29
76
问题
Community cancer clusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists than by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and concerned local residents, for instance, might immediately suspect environmental radiation as the culprit when a high incidence of cancer cases occurs near a nuclear facility. Epidemiologists, in contrast, would be more likely to say that the incidences were "inconclusive" or the result of pure chance. And when a breast cancer survivor, Lorraine Pace, mapped 20 breast cancer cases occurring in her West Islip, Long Island, community, her rudimentary research efforts were guided more by hope--that a specific environmental agent could be correlated with the cancers than by scientific method.
When epidemiologists study clusters of cancer cases and other noncontagious conditions such as birth defects or miscarriage, they take several variables into account, such as background rate (the number of people affected in the general population), cluster size, and specificity (any notable characteristics of the individual affected in each case). If a cluster is both large and specific, it is easier for epidemiologists to assign blame. Not only must each variable he considered on its own, but it must also be combined with others. Lung cancer is very common in the general population. Yet when a huge number of cases turned up among World War Ⅱ shipbuilders who had all worked with asbestos, the size of the duster and the fact that the men had had similar occupational asbestos exposures enabled epidemiologists to assign blame to the fibrous mineral.
Although several known carcinogens have been discovered through these kinds of occupational or medical clusters, only one community cancer cluster has ever been traced to an environmental cause. Health officials often discount a community’s suspicion of a common environmental cause because citizens tend to include cases that were diagnosed before the afflicted individuals moved into the neighborhood. Add to this the problem of cancer’s latency. Unlike an infectious disease such as cholera, which is caused by a recent exposure to food or water contaminated with the cholera bacterium, cancer may have its roots in an exposure that occurred 10 to 20 years earlier.
Do all these caveats mean that the hard work of Lorraine Pace and other community activists is for nothing? Not necessarily. Together with many other reports of breast cancer clusters on Long Island, the West Islip situation highlighted by Pace has helped epidemiologists lay the groundwork for a well designed scientific study.
The case of the World War Ⅱ shipbuilders with lung cancer is an example of ______.
选项
A、an occupational cluster
B、a medical cluster
C、a radiation cluster
D、an environmental cluster
答案
A
解析
第二段最后一句提到,在第二次世界大战期间,在石棉环境下工作的造船工人大量患上肺癌,患肺癌的群体之大,而且都在石棉环境下工作这个事实,使得流行病研究者将发病原因归结为是石棉纤维造成的。言外之意,这是与职业有关的病。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/741O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Whenpeoplearestruckbylightening,theyfalltothegroundasthoughtheywerestruckbyasevereblowtothehead.Afterthe
Unlikemostsports,whichevolvedovertimefromstreetgames,basketballwasdesignedbyonemantosuitaparticularpurpose.
Unlikemostsports,whichevolvedovertimefromstreetgames,basketballwasdesignedbyonemantosuitaparticularpurpose.
ThetraditionalAmericanThanksgivingDaycelebration【1】to1621.【2】thatyearaspecialleastwaspreparedinPlymouth,Massachus
ThehistoryofAfrican—Americansduringthepast400yearsistraditionallynarrated【41】anongoingstraggleagainst【42】andindif
Tounderstandhowastrologyworks,weshouldfirsttakeaquicklookatthesky.Althoughfilestarsareatenormousdistances,
Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobe,thereisnogainsayingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethani
ThegravitationalpulloftheEarthandmoonisimportanttousasweattempttoconquermoreandmoreofouter-space.Here’swh
Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowtha
Famedfortheirhigh-elevationforests,theAppalachianMountainssweepsouthfromQuebectoAlabama.HighestinNewEnglandand
随机试题
A.上热下寒B.表寒里热C.热证转化为寒证D.真寒假热壮热,大汗不止。突然体温下降,四肢厥冷,面色苍白,脉微欲绝者,证属
哮证发作的病理关键是
行心脏DSA,显示二尖瓣瓣口的最佳投射位置是
关于CML静止期叙述,正确的是
磺胺类药的抗菌机制是
背景资料:某承包人承接了一座大桥工程,该桥采用的桩基础,桩长约25~32m;桥位处地层均为天然砂砾,地下水位在原地面下约1.5m处。其桩基主要施工过程如下。平整场地、用水准仪进行桩位放样、埋设钢护筒、选用正循环回旋钻机作为成孔钻机,终孔检查合格后,采用
通常所说的矿山、建筑施工单位和危险物品生产、经营、储存等高危行业企业(以下简称高危企业)“三项岗位”人员包括()。
油画最基础的技法包括()。
下列选项中,不可以联合行文的情况有()。
在函数中,定义一个变量时,默认的存储类型是
最新回复
(
0
)