首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Government has traditionally been evaluated in terms of their effects in promoting several principles. We have seen that one of
Government has traditionally been evaluated in terms of their effects in promoting several principles. We have seen that one of
admin
2013-01-20
72
问题
Government has traditionally been evaluated in terms of their effects in promoting several principles. We have seen that one of these——justice——is appropriate to the narrower definition of government as the power to punish. It is punishment, which is administered with justice, and a government, which is successful in balancing aversive consequences, is said to "maximize justice." Our practical support of such a government is probably not due to any such principle, however, but rather to the fact that a just government, in comparison with other governments, is more likely to reinforce the behavior of supporting it.
Another principle commonly appealed to a freedom. That government is said to be best which governs least. The freedom, which is, maximized by a good government is not, however, the freedom, which is at issue in a science of behavior. Under a government, which controls through positive reinforcement the citizen feels free, though he is no less controlled. Freedom from government is freedom from aversive consequences. We choose a form of government, which maximizes freedom for a very simple reason: aversive events are aversive. A government, which makes the least use of its power to punish, is most likely to reinforce our behavior in supporting it.
Another principle currently in fashion is security. Security against aversive governmental control raises the same issue as freedom. So does security from wants, which means security from aversive events which are not specifically arranged by the governing agency-from hunger, cold, or hardship in general, particularly in illness or old age. A government increases security by arranging an environment in which many common aversive consequences do not occur, in which positive consequences are easily achieved, and in which extreme states of deprivation are avoided. Such a government naturally reinforces the behavior of supporting it.
The "fight" of a ruler was an ancient device for explaining his power to role. "Human rights" such as justice, freedom and security are devices for explaining the counter-control exercised by the governed. A man has his rights in the sense that the governing agency is restricted in its power to control him. He asserts these rights along with other citizens when he resists control. "Human fights" are ways of representing certain effects of governing practices——effects which are in general positively reinforcing and which we therefore call good. To "justify" a government in such terms is simply an indirect way of pointing to the effect of the government in reinforcing the behavior of the supporting group.
It is commonly believed that justice, freedom, security, and so on refer to certain more remote consequences in terms of which a form of government may be evaluated. We shall return to this point in section Ⅵ, where we shall see that an additional principle is needed to explain why these principles are chosen as a basis for evaluation.
A government is likely to reinforce and maximize freedom of those who look favorably at it and who actively support such government ______.
选项
A、when it provides social insurance for people
B、when it protects its citizens from hunger, cold and hardship
C、when it sets up pension and public health service
D、all of the above
答案
D
解析
答案A、B、C的内容在文章中都有提到,所以选D。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/742O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Theonlysafewayofdistinguishingbetweenedibleandpoisonousmushroomsistolearnto____theindividualspecies.
Onthefirstdaywhenapupilentersschool,heisaskedto____totheschoolrules.
Youheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn’tfedgood.Whydoesn’tever-greater
Ihatetoseetherepulsivesightsincommercialsaboutcoldremedies.
Therecenteconomiccrisishasbroughtabouta______inworldtrade.
ThechangesingloballyaveragedtemperaturethathaveoccurredattheEarth’ssurfaceoverthepastcenturyaresimilarinsize
Duringaninternationalcrisis,many____messageswillgenerallyemanatefromthepresident’soffice.
Sincetheenergycrisis,thesebigcarshavebecomearealliability.Theycosttoomuchtorun.
Everybodywastestime.Insteadofdoinghishomework,theschoolboywatchestelevision.Insteadofwritingheressay,thestuden
随机试题
攀援而登,箕踞而遨。遨:
知觉的基本特征不包括
症状较轻的感冒,一般不建议使用药物治疗,只要适当饮水、注意休息即可。发热、头痛、咳嗽等症状较重者,俗称重感冒,常由流感病毒引起,此时需要服药治疗。出现感冒症状可尽快对症治疗,清除症状有利于病情恢复。上呼吸道感染简称上感,又称普通感冒。是包括
整体产品包括()方面的内容。
证券公司从事资产管理业务,以下属于禁止发生的行为有()
下列有关固定资产会计处理的说法中,正确的有()。
《中华人民共和国教师法》规定,教师是履行教育教学职责的()。
班集体形成过程分为三个阶段:()、前班集体阶段、班集体阶段。
设函数y(x)(x≥0)二阶可导且y’(x)>0,y(0)=1.过曲线y=y(x)上任意一点P(x,y)作该曲线的切线及x轴的垂线,上述两直线与x轴所围成的三角形的面积记为S1,区间[0,x]上以y=y(x)为曲边的曲边梯形面积记为S2,并设2S1一S2恒
NowIcan’twatchmuchtelevisionbutafewyearsago【S1】______Iwasusedtowatchiteverynight.Iwasoften
最新回复
(
0
)