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  3. Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to

Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to

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问题     Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods generally accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the Renaissance.
    The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologians’ decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.
    This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroes. His theory assumed that truth was accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroes maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally, the teachings of Islamic theology.
    As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the Scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics, such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm, did not clearly distinguish the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation. Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the Italian theologian and philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation.
According to the passage, Averroes held that_____.
选项 A、Islamic theology was often subordinate to philosophy
B、religious truth was nothing but imaginative fantasy
C、real truth was inaccessible to many common people
D、imperfect expressions were result of flawed religion
答案C
解析 这是一道细节题。题干中的信号词是Averroes，出自于第三段第一句话中。文章第三段指出：阿威罗伊的理论认为，对于哲学和伊斯兰神学来说，真理都是可以获得的，但是，只有哲学可以完全获得它：对于普通人来说，所谓的神学真理充当的是对可信真理的一种不完美的想象表达，这种可信的真理只有哲学才能获得。这说明，阿威罗伊认为，普通人难以获得真理。C说“对于许多普通人来说，真正的真理是无法得到的”，这与阿威罗伊的观点符合。与A有关的信息是该段的最后一句话，文中是说“哲学真理甚至可能同伊斯兰神学的教诲相矛盾”，说明A不对：文中没有提到B；与D有关的信息是该段的第三句话，文中是说“所谓的神学真理充当的是对可信真理的一种不完美的想象表达”，并不是说不完美的表达是宗教造成的，所以D不对。
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