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  3. All of us, even postmodern philosophers, are naive realists at heart. We assume that the external world maps perfectly onto our

All of us, even postmodern philosophers, are naive realists at heart. We assume that the external world maps perfectly onto our

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问题     All of us, even postmodern philosophers, are naive realists at heart. We assume that the external world maps perfectly onto our internal view of it—an expectation that is reinforced by daily experience. I see a coffee mug on the table, reach for a sip, and the vessel’s handle is soon in my grasp. Or I see a yellow tennis ball on the lawn,pick it up and throw it. Reassuringly,my dog appears to share my upright view of reality : she chases the ball and triumphantly catches it between her jaws.
    That there should be a match between perception and reality is not surprising, because evolution cruelly eliminates the unfit. If you routinely misperceive or even misjudge and act on those misapprehensions, you won’t survive long in a world filled with dangers whose avoidance requires accurate distance and speed assessments and rapid reactions.
    However, when driving in the mountains, have you ever noticed a discrepancy between the slope described on the yellow road sign and your sense that the incline is actually much steeper? Psychologist Dennis R. Proffitt of the University of Virginia and his then graduate student Jessica Witt did. They designed an experiment to find out why. Proffitt and Witt stood at the base of hills on campus and asked passing students to estimate their steepness in two ways. Subjects had to arrange the diameter line on a flat disk to the slant of the hill. They also were asked to place the palm of one hand on a movable board that was mounted on a tripod (三角架) and then, without looking at that hand, to adjust the board’s steepness until they felt it matched that of the hill.
    In the first part of the test, which relied on visual cues alone, subjects badly overestimated, interpreting a 31-degree slant as a much steeper, 50-degree one. But when people’s eyes were guiding their hands, subjects judged accurately, tilting the board an appropriate amount. Perhaps even more striking was the finding that people’s tendency to overestimate on the strictly visual part of the test increased by more than a third when they had just run an exhausting race—but the hand estimates were unaffected. The same discrepancy occurred when subjects wore a heavy backpack,were elderly,or were in poor physical condition or declining health.
    In another variant of the experiment,Proffitt had subjects stand on top of a hill on either a skateboard or a wooden box the same height as the skateboard. Participants were instructed to look down the hill and judge,both visually and manually,its grade. They were also asked how afraid they felt to descend the hill. Fearful participants standing on the skateboard judged the hill to be steeper than did the braver souls standing on the box. Yet the visually guided action measurement was unaffected by fear.
To live relatively long in this world,people should have______.
选项 A、the knowledge of philosophers and a naive realistic heart
B、the ability to assess distance and speed and react quickly
C、an internal view which is reinforced by daily experience
D、the ability to learn the external world and the internal view
答案B
解析 事实细节题。根据第二段第一句可知，进化过程会无情地淘汰不适应的物种。而第二段第二句紧接着指出，如果人总是感知错误甚至是判断错误，并按错误的理解去行动的话，那你不会在这个充满危险的世界中生存太久。因此，要想在世界上生存的时间长一 点，就必须要有对距离和速度的精确判断以及快速反应。因此，B)是本题答案。A)“有哲学家的知识和天真的现实主义者的心灵”、C)“被日常生活经验强化的内心认识”和D)“有学习外部世界和内在认识的能力”都不符合原文，故排除。
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