首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
(1)That smoking causes lung cancer is well established. But what causes smoking? This is the question at the heart of a study pu
(1)That smoking causes lung cancer is well established. But what causes smoking? This is the question at the heart of a study pu
admin
2019-05-24
61
问题
(1)That smoking causes lung cancer is well established. But what causes smoking? This is the question at the heart of a study published in Nature by a group of researchers who work at deCODE, an Icelandic genomics company. They do not, quite, answer it. But they do think they have the answer to the related question of why some smokers smoke in moderation whereas others are rarely found without a fag in their hands—and thus why some people are, genetically speaking, more susceptible to lung cancer than others.
(2)That answer lies in part of human chromosome 15, and depends on what is known as allele T of SNP rsl051730. A SNP, or single-nucleotide polymorphism, to give its full name(the short version is pronounced "snip"), is a place where genomes routinely differ from one another by a single genetic letter.
(3)In this case, the variation happens inside a gene for one of the receptor molecules that nicotine attaches itself to when it produces its buzz. Based on a study of 13,945 Icelandic smokers, deCODE’s researchers showed that having a T in the appropriate part of the gene correlates very strongly indeed with being a heavy smoker. The team estimates that the chance of their being wrong is less than one in a thousand trillion.
(4)Not surprisingly, having the T variant also correlates with the chance of a smoker getting lung cancer. Each copy(there may be none, one or two, since one can come from a person’s father and one from his mother)increases that chance by 30%. The T variant does not, however, increase the likelihood that someone will take up smoking in the first place. That is either a matter of free will or, if it is genetic, is controlled by genes somewhere else. It all looks neat and simple—and extremely plausible. Genes promote smoking; smoking promotes cancer. However, it might be wrong, for another paper in Nature, and a third in its sister journal Nature Genetics, report similar studies that have drawn rather different conclusions.
(5)Paul Brennan and Christopher Amos both agree mat something significant is going on in the part of chromosome 15 studied by deCODE. But they have concluded that genetic variation there acts directly on a person’s susceptibility to lung cancer, rather than acting indirectly by modifying his smoking behavior. That does not mean the gene or genes in question actually cause lung cancer. Rather, it means that they amplify the effects of smoking instead of the amount of smoking.
(6)Like deCODE, both Dr. Brennan(who works at the International Agency for Research on Cancer, in France)and Dr. Amos(who works at the University of Texas)identified rsl051730 as an important SNP. Unlike deCODE, though, both think a second SNP, rs8034191, is involved as well. That, and the fact that the region of chromosome 15 under scrutiny has two other nicotine-receptor genes in it, suggests the situation may indeed be more complex.
(7)On top of this, Dr. Brennan and Dr. Amos both used a different method from deCODE’s. They compared lung-cancer patients directly with otherwise similar cancer-free smokers, in what is known as a case controlled study, and concluded that genetic variants in the nicotine-receptor-rich part of chromosome 15 are changing not smokers’ behavior, but their susceptibility to cancer. Moreover, Dr. Brennan also claims to have discovered an increased susceptibility to lung cancer in non-smokers with the relevant SNPs, though his sample size is small and his result is not supported by Dr. Amos’s work.
(8)These contradictory conclusions are both puzzling and intriguing. DeCODE has one further piece of evidence in its favor. Besides the correlation with lung cancer, the T variant also seemed to correlate with peripheral arterial disease, another common side-effect of smoking. On the other hand, the firm also acknowledges that the link it thinks it has discovered does not account for the whole of the risk of smoking-induced lung cancer. What is not in doubt, however, is that there is some sort of a link between genetics and lung cancer.
(9)That raises interesting issues, particularly as genetic testing becomes easier. DeCODE has already announced it will add rsl051730 to the standard screen it offers to those who wish to know their susceptibility to diseases. The day is not far off, therefore, when those who take the essentially irrational decision to start smoking tobacco will be able to find out in advance exactly how foolish they are being.
The current conclusions drawn from the studies have been _____.
选项
A、disappointing
B、frustrating
C、enlightening
D、comprehensive
答案
C
解析
最后两段对原文提到的研究所得的结论做了总结评价,其中倒数第2段首句提到这些研究既puzzling又intriguing,而末段首句又提到这些研究raises interesting issues,且该段第2句又说到对问题更深入理解的一天“近在咫尺”。由此可知,作者认为这些研究的结果是很具启发性的,故选C。A和B的disap-pointing和frustrating属于贬义。通读全文可知作者并未在文中表达出贬义的感情色彩;文中提到了两个产生对立结论的研究,并表明还有问题没有确定,可见研究的结论不全面,故D“综合性的,全面的”不对。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/7zbK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
OnFeb.2,2007,theUnitedNationsscientificpanelstudyingclimatechangedeclaredthattheevidenceofawanningtrendis
Today’scollegestudentsaremorenarcissisticandself-centeredthantheirpredecessors,accordingtoacomprehensivenewstud
Today’scollegestudentsaremorenarcissisticandself-centeredthantheirpredecessors,accordingtoacomprehensivenewstud
Wehaveseenthatthemerephoneticframeworkofspeechdoesnotconstitutetheinnerfactoflanguageandthatsinglesoundof
Dopupilsinschoollearntoreadtheirmothertongueeffectively?Yesandno.Upatthefifthandsixthgrade,reading,onthe
Dopupilsinschoollearntoreadtheirmothertongueeffectively?Yesandno.Upatthefifthandsixthgrade,reading,onthe
PASSAGEONEWhatdoweknowabouttheauthor’sfamilyasWitnessesaccordingtothepassage?
PASSAGEONEWhat’stheauthor’spurposeofwritingthisarticle?
PASSAGEONEWhydidtheauthorhopeJack’smothernottoengagehiminconversation?
QuestionnaireDesignI.Clarifyyourstudygoal—Writedownyourstudygoalbefore【T1】_____【T1】______—Askquestionsthatdire
随机试题
图6-23所示半开阀门,阀门前后的测压管水头差为△h=1m水柱,管径不变,管中平均流速v=2m/s,则该阀门的局部阻力系数ξ为()。
通风方式按通风动力的不同可分为( )。
我国会计法律制度中层次最高的法律规范是《注册会计师法》。()
托运人在履行了航空货运合同规定的义务的条件下,有权对合同进行变更,但需要承担因行使权利而使承运人或其他托运人遭受的损失。
()的主要问题是如何确定合理的税收负担,而税收的合理负担,又是资源能否合理配置的关键。
矩阵求An;
2015年6月某市统计局对应届毕业生的抽样调查显示:有593名受访者打算创业,占比为28.6%。其中,大专生打算创业的比重比平均水平高出7.0个百分点,本科生打算创业的比重比平均水平低3.9个百分点,31.4%的研究生打算创业。有34.5%的受访男生打算创
以下是与设置系统菜单有关的命令,其中错误的是()。
HowtoSaveMoney1.Spendmoneyon【T1】first【T1】______Yourfirst【T2】:food,water,housing&clothing【T2】______Don’tsplurgeo
GeneralPsychology:theStudyofBehaviorIntroductionGeneralpsychologyisconcernedwiththestudyofhumanbehavior.How
最新回复
(
0
)