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  3. 【F1】 Polls, including one carried out in four large countries by the Kaiser Family Foundation, an American think-tank, and The E

【F1】 Polls, including one carried out in four large countries by the Kaiser Family Foundation, an American think-tank, and The E

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问题      【F1】 Polls, including one carried out in four large countries by the Kaiser Family Foundation, an American think-tank, and The Economist, find that most people in good health hope that, when the time comes, they will die at home. And few, when asked about their hopes for their final days, say that their priority is to live as long as possible. Rather, they want to die free from pain, at peace, and surrounded by loved ones for whom they are not a burden.
    Some deaths are unavoidably miserable. Not everyone will be in a condition to toast death’s imminence with champagne, as Anton Chekhov did. What people say they will want while they are well may change as the end nears (one reason why doctors are sceptical about the instructions set out in "living wills" ). Dying at home is less appealing if all the medical kit is at the hospital. 【F2】 A treatment that is unbearable in the imagination can seem like the lesser of two evils when the alternative is death. Some patients will want to fight until all hope is lost.
    【F3】 But too often patients receive drastic treatment in spite of their dying wishes—by default, when doctors do "everything possible", as they have been trained to, without talking through people’s preferences or ensuring that the prognosis is clearly understood. Just a third of American patients with terminal cancer are asked about their goals at the end of life, for example whether they wish to attend a special event.
    【F4】 This newspaper has called for the legalisation of doctor-assisted dying, so that mentally fit, terminally ill patients can be helped to end their lives if that is their wish. But the right to die is just one part of better care at the end of life. The evidence suggests that most people want this option, but that few would, in the end, choose to exercise it. To give people the death they say they want, medicine should take some simple steps.
    More palliative care is needed. This neglected branch of medicine deals with the relief of pain and other symptoms, such as breathlessness, as well as counselling for the terminally ill. 【F5】 Until recently it was often dismissed as barely medicine at all; mere tea and sympathy when all hope has gone. Even in Britain, where the hospice movement began, access to palliative care is patchy. Recent studies have shown how wrongheaded that is. Providing it earlier in the course of advanced cancer alongside the usual treatments turns out not only to reduce suffering, but to prolong life, too.
【F3】
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答案但大多数时候，医生往往不会与病人充分讨论其个人意愿，也不会确保病人是否清楚地理解了预后情况，便由于职业训练，不顾病人临终意愿，默认地“尽一切可能”对患者施以高强度的治疗。
解析 本句为复合句。主句主语为patients，谓语为receive，宾语为treatment；in spite of引导条件状语；when引导时间状语从句；as作连词引导原因状语从句，其中主语为they，谓语为have been trained; without引导伴随状语，其后由or连接两个并列关系的宾语，一个是talking through…，一个是ensuring，后面是由that引导的宾语从句，其中主语为prognosis，谓语为is understood。本句是典型的树形长句。在翻译长难句时我们可以遵循几个简单的步骤：先是断句，如何断句呢，一般在逗号、介词处断句；后首先找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干结构，然后找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语，接着分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句；最后分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等。依照上面四个结构分析步骤，我们就可以更加有条不紊地对长难句进行分解与翻译了。
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