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The scientists of the Renaissance brought about the most fundamental alterations in the world of thought, and they accomplished

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问题     The scientists of the Renaissance brought about the most fundamental alterations in the world of thought, and they accomplished this feat by devising a new method for discovering knowledge. Unlike the medieval thinkers, who proceeded for the most part by reading traditional texts, the early modern scientists laid greatest stress upon observation and the formation of temporary hypothesis. The method of observation implied two things: namely, those traditional explanations of the behavior of nature should be empirically demonstrated, the new assumption being that such explanations could very well be wrong, and that new information might be available to scientists so they could penetrate beyond the superficial appearances of things. People now began to look at the heavenly bodies with a new attitude, hoping not solely to find the confirmation of Biblical statements about the firmament but, further, to discover the principles and laws that describe the movements of bodies. Observation was directed not only upon the stars but also in the opposite direction, toward the minutest constituents of physical substance.
    To enhance the exactness of their observations, they invented various scientific instruments. Lippershey, a Dutchman, invented the telescope in 1608, although Galileo was the first to make dramatic use of it. In 1590 the first compound microscope was created. The principle of the barometer(晴雨表) was discovered by Galileo’s pupil Torricelli. The air pump, which was so important in creating a vacuum for the experiment that, proved that all bodies regardless of their weight or size fall at the same rate when there is no air resistance, was invented by Otto von Guericke( 1602 -1686). With the use of instruments and imaginative hypotheses, fresh knowledge began to unfold. Galileo discovered the moons around Jupiter, and Anton Leeuwenhoek( 1632-1723) discovered spermatozoa, protozoa, and bacteria.
    Whereas Nicolas Copernicus (1473 -1543) formed a new hypothesis of the revolution of, the earth around the sun, Harvey (1578 -1657) discovered the circulation of the blood. William Gilbert (1540 -1603) wrote a major work on the magnet, and Robert Boyle (1627 -1691), the father of chemistry, formulated his famous law concerning the relation of temperature, volume, and pressure of gases. Added to these inventions and discoveries was the decisive advance made in mathematics, especially by Sir Isaac Newton and Leibniz, who independently invented differential (微分学) and integral (积分学) calculus. The method of observation and mathematical calculation now became the hallmarks of modern science.
    The new scientific mode of thought in time influenced philosophic thought in two important ways. First, the assumption that the basic processes of nature are observable and capable of mathematical calculation and description had the effect of engendering another assumption, namely, that everything consists of bodies in motion, that everything conforms to a mechanical model. The heavens above and the smallest particles below all exhibit the same laws of motion. Even human thought was soon explained in mechanical terms, not to mention the realm of human behavior, which the earlier moralists described as the product of free will.
The passage indicates that Galileo did which of the following?
I. invented an important optical instrument
II. instructed another famous scientist
III. made an important astronomical discovery
选项 A、II only.
B、III only.
C、I and II only.
D、II and III only.
答案D
解析 细节题。题目问的是文章暗示伽利略做了以下哪些?定位到第二段第二句“Lippershey，a Dutchman，invented the telescope in 1608，although Galileo was the first to make dramatic use of”可知，伽利略是第一个充分使用望远镜的人，而不是发明者，所以I错误。定位到第二段第四句“The Principle of the barometer(晴雨表)was discovered by Galileo’s pupil Torricelli”可知，伽利略的一个学生发现了晴雨表的原理，与Ⅱ属于同义转换，故正确。定位到第二段最后一句“Galileo discovered the moons around Jupiter…”可知，伽利略发现了木星附近的月球，所以Ⅲ正确。故选D。
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