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  3. The men and women of Anglo-Saxon England normally bore one name only. Distinguishing epithets were rarely added. These might be

The men and women of Anglo-Saxon England normally bore one name only. Distinguishing epithets were rarely added. These might be

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问题     The men and women of Anglo-Saxon England normally bore one name only. Distinguishing epithets were rarely added. These might be patronymic, descriptive or occupational. They were, however, hardly surnames. Heritable names gradually became general in the three centuries following the Norman Conquest in 1066. It was not until the 13th and 14th centuries that surnames became fixed, although for many years after that, the degree of stability in family names varied considerably in different parts of the country.
    British surnames fall mainly into four broad categories: patronymic, occupational, descriptive and local. A few names, it is true, will remain puzzling: foreign names, perhaps, crudely translated, adapted or abbreviated; or artificial names.
    In fact, over fifty per cent of genuine British surnames derive from place names of different kinds, and so they belong to the last of our four main categories. Even such a name as Simpson may belong to this last group, and not to the first, had the family once had its home in the ancient village of that name. Otherwise, Simpson means "the son of Simon", as might be expected.
    Hundreds of occupational surnames are at once familiar to us, or at least recognisable after a little thought: Archer, Carter, Fisher, Mason, Thatcher, Taylor, to name but a few. Hundreds of others are more obscure in their meanings and testify to the amazing specialisation in medieval arts, crafts and functions. Such are "Day",(Old English for breadmaker)and "Walker"(a fuller whose job it was to clean and thicken newly made cloth).
    All these vocational names carry with them a certain gravity and dignity, which descriptive names often lack. Some, it is true, like "Long", "Short" or "Little", are simple. They may be taken quite literally. Others require more thinking: their meanings are slightly different from the modern ones. "Black" and "White" implied dark and fair respectively. "Sharp" meant genuinely discerning, alert, acute rather than quick-witted or clever.
    Place-names have a lasting interest since there is hardly a town or village in all England that has not at some time given its name to a family. They may be picturesque, even poetical; or they may be pedestrian, even trivial. Among the commoner names which survive with relatively little change from old-English times are "Milton"(middle enclosure)and "Hilton"(enclosure on a hill).
"Patronymic" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to "formed from _____ ".
选项 A、the name of one’s father
B、the family occupation
C、one’s family home
D、one’s family history
答案A
解析 第3段说Simpson这个姓氏不属于第一种类型，而属于最后一种类型。但本段的最后一句又说这个姓氏在人们的一般理解中应该表示Simon的儿子．属于第一种类型，由此可推断第一种类型是指由父名而来的姓。根据第2段首句“英国人的姓氏主要分为四大类：一是源于父名，二是源于职业，三是源于描述性词语．再有就是源于地方名字”，可排除B，从而缩小选择范围。
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