2. 考研
  3. Investigators of monkeys’ social behavior have always been struck by monkeys’ aggressive potential and the consequent need for s

Investigators of monkeys’ social behavior have always been struck by monkeys’ aggressive potential and the consequent need for s

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问题     Investigators of monkeys’ social behavior have always been struck by monkeys’ aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys’ social behavior.
    Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment; hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, any time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intra-group aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.
    Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.
    These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets even more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced to a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore see to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.
It can be inferred from the passage that the establishment and preservation of social order among a group of monkeys is essential in order to______.
选项 A、keep the monkeys from straying and joining other groups
B、prevent aggressive competition for incentives between that group and another
C、prevent the domination of that group by another
D、protect individuals seeking to become members of that group from mass attack
答案D
解析 由原文第四段中的“…in the absence of a social order，one must be established to controlinteranimal relationships．When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization，the newcomer meets even more serious aggression…resident animals mob the in—truder，thereby initially ex cluding the new animal from the existing social unit．”可知，在缺乏某种社会秩序的情况下，为了能控制动物之间的关系，一只猴子必须确立自己的地位。当单独一只新动物被引入到一个已经存在的社会组织中来时，新来者会遭受到更加严重的攻击，已经在群体中居住的动物则会对新来者进行围攻，从而在一开始便将新动物驱逐出现存的社会单元。即在一群猴子中建立某种社会秩序可以让想要加人群体的个体免受围攻。因此D项正确。
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