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  3. Increasingly, historians are blaming diseases imported from the Old World for the great disparity between the native population

Increasingly, historians are blaming diseases imported from the Old World for the great disparity between the native population

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问题     Increasingly, historians are blaming diseases imported from the Old World for the great disparity between the native population of America in 1492—new estimates of which jump as high as 100 million, or approximately one-sixth of the human race at that time—and the few million full-blooded Native Americans alive at the end of the nineteenth century. There is no doubt that chronic disease was an important factor in the sharp decline, and it is highly probable that the greatest killer was epidemic disease, especially as manifested in virgin-soil epidemics.
    Virgin-soil epidemics are those in which the populations at risk have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologically almost defenseless. That virgin-soil epidemics were important in American history is strongly indicated by evidence that a number of dangerous maladies—smallpox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and undoubtedly several more—were unknown in the pre-Columbian New World. The effects of their sudden introduction are demonstrated in the early chronicles of America, which contain reports of horrible epidemics and steep population declines, confirmed in many cases by quantitative analyzes of Spanish tribute records and other sources. The evidence provided by the documents of British and French colonies is not as definitive because the conquerors of those areas did not establish permanent settlements and began to keep continuous records until the seventeenth century, by which time the worst epidemics had probably already taken place. Furthermore, the British tended to drive the native populations away, rather than to enslave them as the Spaniards did, so that the epidemics of British America occurred beyond the range of colonists’ direct observation.
    Even so, the surviving records of North America do contain references to deadly epidemics among the native population. In 1616—1619 an epidemic, possibly of pneumonic plague, swept coastal New England, killing as many as nine out of ten. During the 1630’s smallpox, the disease most fatal to the Native American people, eliminated half the population of the Huron and Iroquois confederations. In the 1820’s fever ruined the people of the Columbia River area, killing eight out of ten of them.
    Unfortunately, the documentation of these and other epidemics is slight and frequently unreliable, and it is necessary to supplement what little we do know with evidence from recent epidemics among Native Americans. For example, in 1952 an outbreak of measles among the Native American inhabitants of Ungava Bay, Quebec, affected 99 percent of the population and killed 7 percent, even though some had the benefit of modern medicine. Cases such as this demonstrate that even diseases that are not normally fatal can have destroying consequences when they strike an immunologically defenseless community.
Notes:
disparity差距
virgin-soil处女地
malady疾病
chronicle编年史
tribute贡品
pneumonic plague肺鼠疫
confederation同盟
smallpox天花
measles麻疹
选项 A、recur more frequently than chronic diseases.
B、involve populations with no prior exposure to a disease.
C、usually involve a number of interacting diseases.
D、are less responsive to medical treatment than are other diseases.
答案B
解析 细节理解题。本题问：根据本文，处女地流行病与发生其他灾难性疾病的区别是什么?第2段第1句写道："处女地流行病是指处于危险中的人过去从未接触过的袭击他们的疾病，因而几乎没有免疫防御力"，选项"(处女地流行病)使过去从未接触过某种疾病的人受感染"与第2段第1句的意思相一致。注意：involve sb．with sth．使某人与某事接触、打交道，involve sb．in sth．表明某人与某事有关联；The witness’s statement involves you in the robbery．(证人的证词表明你与抢劫案有关联)。
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