首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the
admin
2019-03-10
142
问题
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century
P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the population lives in cities, developed only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The process of urbanization has moved rapidly in the entire world since 1800, and the peak is not yet in sight. In the United States, early New England towns, formally disposed along wide elm-lined central roadways or commons, exhibit a conscious planning. In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannot really use the term "urban planning", as it suggests modern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist before the planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s. While there certainly were urban areas that were "planned" in the comprehensive contemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C., these were the exception. Most "planned" in the nineteenth century was limited to areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developers trying to make a profit from a piece of land.
P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside. Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. People no longer had to live within walking distance of their jobs. Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant transportation system improvements and increased ridership.
P3: Demographic patterns also accounted for the urbanization. Urban populations grew steadily due to rural immigrants gravitated to the cheap housing and to the promise of work in or near the center of cities or around factories and emigration from around the globe. As the 19th century drew to a close, the rapid development of cities served as both a uniting and dividing factor in American social, economic, and political life. Cities attracted a rich cross-section of the world’s population, creating a various, metropolitan atmosphere. At the same time, cities forced people from entirely different backgrounds to live and work together in close proximity for the first time, which contributed to diverse urban problems.
P4: Many nineteenth-century urban problems continue to plague cities today, especially those associated with sanitation and mega-fires resulted from lack of planning and regulation. The growth of cities outpaced the ability of local governments to extend clean water, garbage collection, and sewage systems into poorer areas, so conditions in cities deteriorated. Sanitary sewers at that time failed to stop the spread of typhoid, increased its infection rates downstream of sewer outlets, and the miasmatic gasses they were designed to mitigate turned out to not exist. It was not until the 1860s that any serious, concerted effort was made to develop proper systems for water delivery and sewage removal, which caused water contamination and the spread of disease by rodents and insects. During the 19th century, the United States was afflicted with many urban conflagrations and wildfires as tactical firefighting and prevention practices were underdeveloped. Construction with combustible materials coupled with close placement of buildings and the use of open flames in heating, cooking, and lighting meant that the potential for raging fires was ever present.
P5: Cities in the late 19th century were large, compacted, and impersonal places devoted to making money. Typically, development was both unplanned and unrestricted, with landowners making all choices of lot size, services, and street arrangement based only on their individual needs in the marketplace. Not surprisingly, corruption was rampant in city government and city services, in the construction industry, and among landlords and employers. High rents, low wages, and poor services produced misery in the midst of abrupt economic growth.
P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference both for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside.■ Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. ■The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. ■People no longer had to live within walking distance of their jobs. ■Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant system improvements and increased ridership.
The word "abrupt" in the passage is closest in meaning to
选项
A、noticeable
B、random
C、variable
D、sudden
答案
D
解析
【词汇题】abrupt意为“突然的”。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/9MfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Writethecorrectletter,A-F,nexttoquestions21-26.AVideoResourceCentreBReadingRoomCFoodServiceCentreDPeriodic
Completetheflow-chartbelow.ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,A-l,nexttoquestions21-26.Aact
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOpre-existingfeaturesofthesitearenowpartofthenewfacilities?AfootballstadiumBpl
Whenwerethefollowingfeaturesincludedinanautoshow?Writethecorrectletter,A,B,orCnexttoquestions17-20.Alast
EngineeringforsustainabledevelopmentTheGreenhouseProject(Himalayanmountainregion)ProblemShortgrowingseason
A、Therateatwhichtheuniverseisexpanding.B、Howgravityaffectsaplanet’sorbit.C、Newton’sthreelawsofmotion.D、Early
"ArtHistoryClass"Inwhatorderdoestheprofessorexplainphotographicprinciples?
Oneofthebasicprinciplesofwildlifeconservationinvolves______adequatenaturalfoodandsheltertomaintainpopulationso
TheExpressionisticartistwasconcernednotwiththerealityofthesubjectmatterbutwith______innernatureandtheemotions
FamilyMattersThismonth,Wyomingpassedabillthatwouldgivelegalteethtothemoralobligationtosupportone’sparent
随机试题
我国社会主义改革的性质是( )
Inthecaseofmobilephones,changeiseverything.Recentresearchindicatesthatthemobilephoneischangingnotonlyourcul
羚羊角锉末服的用量
背景资料:某普通铁路桥梁工程,桥跨布置为12×32m简支T梁+(40+56+40)m连续箱粱+6×32m简支T梁;0号桥台采用C25混凝土扩大基础,基础尺寸为14.6m×10.6m,厚3.0m,其余墩台为钻孔桩基础。根据设计要求,由于0号桥台基础为大体积
期货价差套利的作用包括()。
甲公司计划贷款,期限为1年,银行要求按照贷款额的20%保持补偿性余额,同时采用贴现法付息。已知贷款年利率为5%,则该项贷款的有效年利率为()。
班主任在与小明谈话时说:“根据前段时间你的表现,虽然学习效果不很理想,但非常努力,如果注意改进学习方法,相信成绩会不断提高。”其中的评价属于()。
以下是某市110报警平台接警员接听的一段报警电话内容:接警员:“您好。这里是XX市110报警服务平台,我是XX号接警员。请讲。”报警人:“我家里进贼了!在撬我的房门!我在卧室里很害怕。你们赶紧来!”接警员:“请问您家的具体位置
英、红、燕三个人讨论一数学题,当她们都把自己的解法说出来以后,英说:“我做错了”。红说:“英做对了”。燕说:“我做错了”。老师看过她们的答案并听了她们的上述意见后说:“你们三个人有一个做对了,有一个说对了”。那么,谁做对了呢?
DoyoupreferwatchingsportonTVoronthescene?
最新回复
(
0
)