首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the
admin
2019-03-10
40
问题
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century
P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the population lives in cities, developed only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The process of urbanization has moved rapidly in the entire world since 1800, and the peak is not yet in sight. In the United States, early New England towns, formally disposed along wide elm-lined central roadways or commons, exhibit a conscious planning. In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannot really use the term "urban planning", as it suggests modern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist before the planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s. While there certainly were urban areas that were "planned" in the comprehensive contemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C., these were the exception. Most "planned" in the nineteenth century was limited to areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developers trying to make a profit from a piece of land.
P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside. Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. People no longer had to live within walking distance of their jobs. Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant transportation system improvements and increased ridership.
P3: Demographic patterns also accounted for the urbanization. Urban populations grew steadily due to rural immigrants gravitated to the cheap housing and to the promise of work in or near the center of cities or around factories and emigration from around the globe. As the 19th century drew to a close, the rapid development of cities served as both a uniting and dividing factor in American social, economic, and political life. Cities attracted a rich cross-section of the world’s population, creating a various, metropolitan atmosphere. At the same time, cities forced people from entirely different backgrounds to live and work together in close proximity for the first time, which contributed to diverse urban problems.
P4: Many nineteenth-century urban problems continue to plague cities today, especially those associated with sanitation and mega-fires resulted from lack of planning and regulation. The growth of cities outpaced the ability of local governments to extend clean water, garbage collection, and sewage systems into poorer areas, so conditions in cities deteriorated. Sanitary sewers at that time failed to stop the spread of typhoid, increased its infection rates downstream of sewer outlets, and the miasmatic gasses they were designed to mitigate turned out to not exist. It was not until the 1860s that any serious, concerted effort was made to develop proper systems for water delivery and sewage removal, which caused water contamination and the spread of disease by rodents and insects. During the 19th century, the United States was afflicted with many urban conflagrations and wildfires as tactical firefighting and prevention practices were underdeveloped. Construction with combustible materials coupled with close placement of buildings and the use of open flames in heating, cooking, and lighting meant that the potential for raging fires was ever present.
P5: Cities in the late 19th century were large, compacted, and impersonal places devoted to making money. Typically, development was both unplanned and unrestricted, with landowners making all choices of lot size, services, and street arrangement based only on their individual needs in the marketplace. Not surprisingly, corruption was rampant in city government and city services, in the construction industry, and among landlords and employers. High rents, low wages, and poor services produced misery in the midst of abrupt economic growth.
P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference both for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside.■ Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. ■The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. ■People no longer had to live within walking distance of their jobs. ■Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant system improvements and increased ridership.
The word "abrupt" in the passage is closest in meaning to
选项
A、noticeable
B、random
C、variable
D、sudden
答案
D
解析
【词汇题】abrupt意为“突然的”。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/9MfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Choosefouranswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,A-G,nexttoquestions27-30.AlightsBfixedcameraCmirrorD
Choosefouranswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,A-G,nexttoquestions27-30.AlightsBfixedcameraCmirrorD
Completetheflow-chartbelow.ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,A-l,nexttoquestions21-26.Aact
Whichattitudeisassociatedwiththefollowingpeopleduringtheconversation?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwritetheco
Whenwerethefollowingfeaturesincludedinanautoshow?Writethecorrectletter,A,B,orCnexttoquestions17-20.Alast
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOaspectsdidthenewrulesattheendofthe19thcenturyfocuson?AcooperationBcompetitio
Metaphysicalphilosophy(is)concerned(with)theprinciples,structures,and(meaningful)thatunderlieallobservable(reality
TheExpressionisticartistwasconcernednotwiththerealityofthesubjectmatterbutwith______innernatureandtheemotions
FamilyMattersThismonth,Wyomingpassedabillthatwouldgivelegalteethtothemoralobligationtosupportone’sparent
FamilyMattersThismonth,Wyomingpassedabillthatwouldgivelegalteethtothemoralobligationtosupportone’sparent
随机试题
选择吸收剂时应重点考虑的是()。
在Excel2010中,在默认状态下,每个新工作簿中包含的工作表数目是()
非竞争性结合分析法,常用放射性核素标记
在CT扫描前,需要大量饮水的检查部位是
下列关于个人征信安全管理说法不正确的是()。
甲公司适用的所得税税率为25%,且预计在未来期间保持不变,2013年度所得税汇算清缴于2014年3月20日完成;2013年度财务报告批准报出日为2014年4月5日,甲公司有关资料如下:(1)2013年10月12日,甲公司与乙公司签订了一项销售合同,约定甲
公民道德建设的指导思想和方针原则是什么?
给出下列四个命题:①分别与两条异面直线都相交的两条直线一定是异面直线②若一个平面经过另一个平面的垂线,那么这两个平面相互垂直③垂直于同一直线的两条直线相互平行④若两个平面垂直,那么一个平面内与它们的交线不垂直的直线与另一个平面也不垂直.其中为真命
以囚徒困境为基础的研究发现,双方如果合作,各自的获益最大,但合作的基础是()
下列说法正确的是()。
最新回复
(
0
)