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  3. New scientific studies reveal the hidden costs of multitasking as technology increasingly tempts people to do more than one thin

New scientific studies reveal the hidden costs of multitasking as technology increasingly tempts people to do more than one thin

admin2015-04-10  43
问题     New scientific studies reveal the hidden costs of multitasking as technology increasingly tempts people to do more than one thing at a time. Whether people toggle between browsing the Web and using other computer programs, talk on cell phones while driving, pilot jumbo jets or monitor air traffic, they’re using their "executive control" processes—the mental CEO—found to be associated with the brain’s key neural regions. These interrelated cognitive processes establish priorities among tasks and allocate the mind’s resources to them. " For each aspect of human performance—perceiving, thinking and acting—people have specific mental resources whose effective use requires supervision through executive mental control," says David Meyer, Ph. D. at the University of Michigan.
    To better understand executive control, as well as the human capacity for multitasking and its limitations, Joshua Rubinstein, Ph. D. of U. S. Federal Aviation Administration, and David Meyer, and Jeffrey Evans, Ph. D. at the University of Michigan, studied patterns in the amounts of time lost when people switched repeatedly between two tasks of varying complexity and familiarity. The findings revealed that for all types of tasks, subjects lost time when they had to switch from one task to another, and time costs increased with the complexity of the tasks, so it took a significantly long time to switch between more complex tasks. Time costs were a lot greater when subjects switched to tasks that were relatively unfamiliar. They got "up to speed" faster when they switched to tasks they knew better, an observation that may lead to interfaces designed to help overcome people’s innate cognitive limitations.
    The researchers say their results suggest that executive control involves two distinct, complementary stages: goal shifting("I want to do this now instead of that")and rule activation("I’m turning off the rules for that and turning on the rules for this"). Both stages help people unconsciously switch between tasks. Rule activation itself takes significant amounts of time, several tenths of a second—which can add up when people switch back and forth repeatedly between tasks. Thus, multitasking may seem more efficient on the surface, but may actually take more time in the end. According to the researchers, this insight into executive control may help people choose strategies that maximize their efficiency when multitasking. The insight may also weigh against multitasking. For example, Meyer points out, a mere half second of time lost to task switching can mean the difference between life and death for a driver using a cell phone, because during the time that the car is not totally under control, it can travel far enough to crash into obstacles the driver have otherwise avoided.
What is the passage mainly about?
选项 A、The role of mental CEO—executive control process.
B、The high efficiency and hidden costs of multitasking.
C、Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching.
D、The benefits of studying executive mental control.
答案C
解析 本文的主要内容是什么?[A]大脑首席执行官的作用——“执行控制”程序。[B]处理多种任务的高效率和隐性代价。[C]任务转换过程中认知程序的执行控制。[D]研究大脑执行控制的好处。本篇文章主要讲述的是戴维·梅尔和其他两位研究人员从大脑执行控制的角度来分析人们在处理多种任务时时间损失问题的研究结果，所以正确答案为[C]，即任务转换过程中认知程序的执行控制。
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