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Confucianism, the philosophical system founded on the teaching of Confucius, who lived from 551 BC to 479 BC, dominated Chinese

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问题     Confucianism, the philosophical system founded on the teaching of Confucius, who lived from 551 BC to 479 BC, dominated Chinese sociopolitical life for most of the Chinese history and largely influenced the cultures of Korea, Japan, and Indochina. The Confucian school functioned as a recruiting ground for government【S1】______, which were filled by those scoring highest on examinations in the Confucian classics. It also【S2】______ with popular and important religions and became the vehicle for presenting Chinese【S3】______ to the peasants. The school’s doctrine supported political authority using the theory of the mandate of heaven. It【S4】______ to help rulers maintain domestic order, preserve tradition, and maintain a constant standard of living for the tax paying peasants. It trained its followers in generous giving, traditional rituals, family【S5】______, loyalty, respect for superiors and for the aged, and principled flexibility in advising rulers.
    Confucianism【S6】______ a political theory and a theory of human nature to yield dao, a prescriptive doctrine or way. The political theory starts with a Doctrine of political authority from heaven’s command: the ruler【S7】______ responsibility for the well being of the people and therefore for peace and order in the empire.
    Confucianism emerged as a more coherent philosophy when faced with intellectual competition from other【S8】______ that were growing in the fertile social climate of pre-imperial China (400--200 BC). Confucianism rose to the position of an official orthodoxy during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-- 220 AD). With the fall of the Han Dynasty, Confucianism fell into severe decline. Except for the residual effects of its official status, Confucianism remained【S9】______ dormant for approximately 600 years. Confucianism began to revive with the reestablishment of the Chinese dynastic power in the Tang Dynasty (618--906 AD). The Zen Buddhist, Chan felt that there is nothing much to Buddhist teaching. And, the education offered by Confucist teaching filled the intellectual gap. The Song Dynasty (960--1279 AD) produced Nco-Confucianism, which is an interpretation of classical Confucianism doctrine that addressed both Buddhist and Daoist issues. From the beginning of the 1200’s to about 1949 and the communist era in China, Confucianism was the【S10】______ that told the peasants of China that the mandate of heaven said that emperors were to rule the Chinese Empire. Because of this philosophy, westerners often viewed the Chinese lifestyle as odd and referred to the Chinese officials as inscrutable.

A) bears           B) values             C) belief            D) merged
E) blended         F) involuntarily      G) combines          H) philosophically
I) sought          J) order              K) schools           L) positions
M) works           N) standards          O) racked
【S8】
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