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  3. What makes a group intelligent? You might think a group’s IQ would be simply the average intelligence of the group’s members, or

What makes a group intelligent? You might think a group’s IQ would be simply the average intelligence of the group’s members, or

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问题     What makes a group intelligent? You might think a group’s IQ would be simply the average intelligence of the group’s members, or perhaps the intelligence of the team’s smartest participant. But researchers who study groups have found that this isn’t so.
    Rather, a group’s intelligence emerges from the interactions that go on within the group. A team’s intelligence can be measured, and like an individual’s IQ score, it can accurately predict the team’s performance on a wide variety of tasks. And just as an individual’s intelligence is expandable, a group’s intelligence can also be increased. Here are five suggestions on how to guide the development of smart teams:
    Choose team members carefully. The smartest groups are composed of people who are good at reading one another’s social cues, according to a study led by Carnegie Mellon University professor Anita Williams Woolley and published in the journal Science.
    Talk about the "how". Many members of teams don’t like to spend time talking about "process" , preferring to get right down to work—but Woolley notes that groups who take the time to discuss how they will work together are ultimately more efficient and effective.
    Share the floor. In the most intelligent teams, found Woolley, members take turns speaking. Participants who dominate the discussion or who hang back and don’t say much bring down the intelligence of the group. Alex Sandy Pentland, an MIT professor who studies group dynamics, has found that in smart teams, members connect directly with one another—not just with the team leader— and they’re constantly engaging in " back channel" or side conversations that supplement the main discussion.
    Boost informal social connections among members. The smartest teams spend a lot of time communicating outside of formal meetings, says Pentland. He tells of a call center where team members’ coffee breaks were staggered across the workday. Changing the schedule so that all members had a coffee break at the same time led them to do their work more efficiently and feel more satisfied with their jobs.
    Be open to external influences. In the most successful groups, Pentland discovered, team members regularly take off on their own to explore and discover. They then bring that information back to the group, stimulate the group’s work with fresh insights from the world outside the conference room.
According to Alex Sandy Pentland, a group’s intelligence______.
选项 A、can be expanded by the dominator of the group discussion
B、can be brought down with the absence of the team leader
C、can be increased by members’ engagement in side conversations
D、is related to members’ direct contact with each other
答案D
解析 事实细节题。本题考查朋特兰德在团队智能方面的观点。由定位句可知，朋特兰德发现，在聪明团队中，成员之间会直接进行沟通——而不是仅和团队领导人进行沟通——并且经常私下里进行讨论或偷偷讨论，为主讨论作补充。D)中的direct contact是定位句中connect directly的同义转述，故D)为答案。A)“可通过主宰团队讨论的人得到扩展”和B)“会因团队领导人的缺席而降低”，原文均未提及，故排除；C)“可通过团队成员间的私下沟通而提高”是对定位句的过度推断，定位句只提到聪明团队中会有成员之间私下沟通的现象，但并未提及私下沟通会提高团队智能，故排除。
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