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  3. What shapes moral emotions in the first place? The answer has long been evolution, hut in recent years there’s an increasing app

What shapes moral emotions in the first place? The answer has long been evolution, hut in recent years there’s an increasing app

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问题     What shapes moral emotions in the first place? The answer has long been evolution, hut in recent years there’s an increasing appreciation that evolution isn’t just about competition. It’s also about cooperation within groups. 【F1】Like bees, humans have long lived or died based on their ability to divide labor, help each other and stand together in the face of common threats. Many of our moral emotions and intuitions reflect that history. We don’t just care about our individual rights, or even the rights of other individuals. We also care about loyalty, respect, traditions, religions. We are all the descendents of successful cooperators.
    The first nice thing about this evolutionary approach to morality is that it emphasizes the social nature of moral intuition. People are not discrete units coolly formulating moral arguments. They link themselves together into communities and networks of mutual influence.
    The second nice thing is that it entails a warmer view of human nature.【F2】Evolution is always about competition, but for humans, as Darwin speculated, competition among groups has turned us into pretty cooperative, empathetic and altruistic creatures—at least within our families, groups and sometimes nations.
    The third nice thing is that it explains the haphazard way most of us lead our lives without destroying dignity and choice. Moral intuitions have primacy, Haidt argues, but they are not dictators.【F3】There are times, often the most important moments in our lives, when in fact we do use reason to override moral intuitions, and often those reasons — along with new intuitions—come from our friends.
    The rise and now dominance of this emotional approach to morality is an epochal change. It challenges all sorts of traditions. It challenges the bookish way philosophy is conceived by most people. It challenges the Talmudic tradition, with its hyper-rational scrutiny of texts.【F4】It challenges the new atheists, who see themselves involved in a war of reason against faith and who have an unwarranted faith in the power of pure reason and in the purity of their own reasoning.
    Finally, it should also challenge the very scientists who study morality.【F5】They’ re good at explaining how people make judgments about harm and fairness, but they still struggle to explain the feelings of awe, transcendence, patriotism, joy and self-sacrifice, which are not ancillary to most people’s moral experiences, but central. The evolutionary approach also leads many scientists to neglect the concept of individual responsibility and makes it hard for them to appreciate that most people struggle toward goodness, not as a means, but as an end in itself.
【F2】
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答案进化总与竞争相关。但是正如达尔文所推测的，对于人类来说，群体之间的竞争使我们变得富有合作精神、能为他人着想、摒弃私心。至少我们在家庭和群体范围内，有时在国家层面上也能够如此。
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